." These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. A: Enemy Elim . Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. Meanwhile, Charles V had formed an alliance with Pope Clement VII (14781534; reigned 152334). He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 made this division official and granted Portugal possession of what is now Brazil. But in May 1527, Charles's soldiers made a massive assault on the city and caused extensive damage. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). He also increased his power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the south. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. The ships did not set sail again until July. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. 2. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. The Capetians gradually extended their control over the duchies of He married Louis's daughter, Claude de France, in 1514. when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. He had neither won nor regained any territory. The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. James's wife, Anne of Denmark, hired Jones to build the Queen's House on the royal estate at Greenwich. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. . It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). 3. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. His discovery made possible two other historic events: the conquest and colonization of the American continents and the circumnavigation of (completely go around) the globe. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. The revised Book of Common Prayer also ordered the destruction of stone altars associated with the Catholic Mass (worship service in which communion is taken). The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). For balanced civilizations, the Rome, Japan, China and Spain civilizations make the best option. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. Unable to capture Paris by force, Henry embraced Catholicism in 1593 and entered the city peacefully the following year. conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. The group Young Italy advocated for. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. Frederick was expecting James to help him stay on the throne, but James had tried to remain outside the conflict. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. Dvelopp par Lilith Games, Rise of Kingdoms est un Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). democratic rule. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. Over the next thirty years the French armies continued to advance, winning major battles against the English. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. 22 Feb. 2023 . . Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. Answers. . In 1559 Elizabeth restored the Anglican Church, taking the title Supreme Governor of the Church. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. $49.95 She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. Denied land routes to some of their most treasured goods, the Europeans had to find a route to Asia in the uncharted oceans. The revolt was distracting Charles's attention, so the French were able to move into Navarre and wage war with Spain. Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). Ivan the Terrible. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. 30 seconds. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. Some had even entered the ranks of nobility. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. Marco Polo. A: Greek . Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. Although he lived in exile, he was considered the king. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. The Capetians were a family who controlled the le-de-France, a region centered on Paris that extended roughly a three days' march in all directions around the city. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. As he rode from Edinburgh to London in 1603, shortly after becoming king, he was met by a group of Puritans (members of the Anglican Church who advocated strict reforms). In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. William was a member of the Nassau family, who were based in the Netherlands, and he had acquired Orange through inheritance. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. (now in Belgium), a city in the Holy Roman Empire. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. Which of these commanders carries a bow and arrows as well as a sword? During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. 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rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom