plantations in georgia in the 1800s

Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, Over the antebellum era whites continued to employ violence against the enslaved population, but increasingly they justified their oppression in moral terms. The Union army occupied parts of coastal Georgia early on, disrupting the plantation and slave system well before the outcome of the war was determined. This plantation was probably given by David Hunt to his son Geroge Ferguson Hunt when he married Anna Watson. children were Robert Livingston "Liv" Ireland, Jr. and Elisabeth In the wake of war, however, white and Black Georgia residents articulated opposite views about emancipation. TERMINOLOGY. Unless otherwise stated, our essays are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license. When the Georgia Trustees first envisioned their colonial experiment in the early 1730s, they banned slavery in order to avoid the slave-based plantation economy that had developed in other colonies in the American South. Georgia? This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design.[1][2][3]. Nestled in the foothills of North Georgia, discover a place where Southern charm meets French luxury. Garmany ordered his men to retreat. fire on the savages to prevent the flank movements from being Quiz, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. census was enumerated. Betty Wood, Womens Work, Mens Work: The Informal Slave Economies of Lowcountry Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995). This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were Chatham County saw an increase in colored population In the early nineteenth century African American preachers played a significant role in spreading the Gospel in the quarters. This transcription includes 43 slaveholders who held 31 or more slaves in Early [8] : 8 Virginia [ edit] Main article: List of plantations in Virginia Whether or not of almost two thirds between 1860 and 1870, so obviously that is where many freed slaves went. (MondayFriday 8 a.m.8 p.m. SaturdaySunday 9 a.m.5 p.m. EST)ADA Accessibility Info | Staff Resources, Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation State Historic Site, Please view our Park Rules page for more information, Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve, Georgia State Parks & Historic Sites Park Guide. of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. In 1864 Union troops under Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from the north. In fact, Georgia delegates to the Continental Congress forced Thomas Jefferson to tone down the critique of slavery in his initial draft of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. As early as 1790, Georgia congressman James Jackson claimed that slavery benefited both whites and Blacks. At each retreat they Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up The inferiority of black people confirmed the necessity, if not the benevolence, of mastership. As hundreds of enslaved people from the Lowcountry fled across enemy lines to seek sanctuary with Union troops, Georgia slaveholders attempted to move their bondsmen to more secure locations. Two other civil rights organizations, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Southern Regional Council, also conducted activities from Atlanta to challenge the racial status quo. 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R. (2003). Since then, African Americans have been elected to many offices in Atlanta and in southwestern Georgia. Boating, fishing, swimming, skiingor just watching the sun set! This poem describes Savannahs most devastating fire which caused $776,000 of damage on January 11, 1820. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. was heard a short distance away. The majority of the digital copies featured are in the public domain or under an open license all over the world, however, some works may not be so in all jurisdictions. Although the Revolution fostered the growth of an antislavery movement in the northern states, white Georgia landowners fiercely maintained their commitment to slavery even as the war disrupted the plantation economy. It resembled a harsh gang system of long, hard days in marshy fields and a whip-bearing overseer close behind. Because of slave resistance, this form gave way to a more lenient task system which allowed slaves to have time to themselves once they completed their given tasks. Development]. What became of the slaves on a Georgia plantation? Particularly in the case of Richard Carnes received a land grant of 200 acres in 1793, 52 acres in 1795, and 46 acres in 1795 also. Thomas Nast's famous wood engraving originally appeared in Harper's Weekly on January 24, 1863. At the time of his death in 1859, it was recorded that he had $42,000 in real estate and personal property, including 41 enslaved persons who lived on the property in 9 shelters. Early History. Travel to a place that has Old World towers, gingerbread trim, traditional German foodstuffs and strasses and platzes spilling over with Scandinavian goods, a natural beauty perched on the Chattahoochee River. Settle in and enjoy a town where everyone is your neighbor. lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate TuesdaySunday 9 a.m.5 p.m. successful. The New Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from A More Perfect Union, a special initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities. . term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be Sharing the prejudice that slaveholders harbored against African Americans, nonslaveholding whites believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their own economic prospects and bring catastrophe to the state as a whole. This beautiful plantation represents the history and culture of Georgia's rice coast. Cryer sold his land to Carnes in 1792, consolidating the 966 acres into one . The name Gerogiana is just Geroge and Anna put together. 2,826, while the "colored" population increased about 3% to 4,172. In 1860 less than one-third of Georgias adult white male population of 132,317 were slaveholders. 501 Whitaker Street It is possible to locate a free person on the Early County, Georgia 1800 Slave Owners 1. that denied African Americans the legal rights enjoyed by white Americans. Unfortunately for the slave population, the requirements of short-staple cotton cultivation put an end to the development of artisan skills. Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the According to his testimony, the injuries sustained from a whipping by his overseer kept Peter, an enslaved man, bedridden for two months. Tragedy struck in 1934 when the 1850 portion of the Main House was After World War II, Georgians were forced to address the states racial conflicts when African Americans began to challenge segregation. of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, new technology used in rice production began replacing laborers. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, Some one-fifth of the states enslaved population was owned by slaveholders who enslaved fewer than ten people. Almost invariably, land and capital remained in white hands while labour remained largely, though not entirely, Black. Accordingly, the enslaved population of Georgia increased dramatically during the early decades of the nineteenth century. Also known as Beechwood Hall. Acres of moss laden Live Oak trees, remnants of rice levees and a dairy operation, and seven nineteenth century buildings, hint at the impactful story of Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation, offering clues to a past where the rich culture of initially enslaved and later free people of African ancestry is interwoven with that of people of European descent to form a distinct regional historical, agricultural, and natural treasure on the banks of the Altamaha River. . The colony of the Province of Georgia under James Oglethorpe banned slavery in 1735, the only one of the thirteen colonies to have done so. plantations: their births and deaths, sick days, and daily tasks are The percentage of free families holding people in slavery was somewhat higher (37 percent) but still well short of a majority. Please view our Park Rules page for more information. The house sheltered Confederate statesman. document.write(cy); 800 acres on the south end of Ossabaw Island, [Note: GEORGE J. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Enslaved Georgians experienced hideous cruelties, but white slaveholders never succeeded in extinguishing the human capacity to covet freedom. Print Harvesting the Rice. From the Georgia Historical Society Collection of Photographs, MS1361PH. Watson's Plantation, which was next to . the Indians and Captain Garmany was seriously wounded. The fire caused a boom in brick production and opened Savannah to many architects during rebuilding. Slavery in Antebellum Georgia. A significant one existed in Liberty County. Following the holder list is a About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material At her death, her will dictated that the firing. Thus, medium-sized farms could grow into plantations within a few years. Enslaved laborers in the Lowcountry enjoyed a far greater degree of control over their time than was the case across the rest of the state, where they worked in gangs under direct white supervision. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link in our emails. Howard Melville Hanna of Cleveland, Ohio. . 20042023 Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press. Slavery in Georgia is known to have been practiced by European colonists. Between 1890 and 1920 terrorist mobs in Georgia lynched many African Americans; in 1906 white mobs rioted against Blacks in Atlanta, leaving several Black residents dead and many homes destroyed. An official website of the State of Georgia. These colonies had large tracts of land that were suitable for growing cash crops such as . Language: The material is in English. "Slavery in Antebellum Georgia." By doing so they could lower their overhead, influence prices, and maximize profits. Between 1860 and 1870, the Georgia colored Blairsville offers the perfect mountain getaway. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very Also known as Petway House or the Buell-King House. a second volley compelled them to again fall back. interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested While many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the years after the Civil War, the family continued to grow rice until 1913. Through the 1976 presidential election of Carter, the first Georgian ever elected to the U.S. presidency, the state gained national recognition. Souvenir of the Hermitage by Henry McAlpin, From the Georgia Historical Society Rare Pamphlet Collection. An enslaved family picking cotton outside Savannah in the 1850s. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more enslaved people and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South and was second only to Virginia in the South as a whole. Bulk dates: 1778-1830. In addition to the threat of disease, slaveholders frequently shattered family and community ties by selling members away. The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of These crops were in high demand, and the plantations that grew them were very profitable. During cholera epidemics on some Lowcountry plantations, more than half the enslaved population died in a matter of months. The from of labor, whether it be a task system or a gang system, greatly shaped they encounters and exchanges occurring on the plantation landscape, and impacted life and society after the end of slavery. When African slaves were first introduced to the colonies, they were used almost solely for agricultural purposes which limited their skill set. from Fort McCreay and the Indians were put to flight. Location of notable Roman statuary imports. Major Jarnigan, while the whites and the Creeks were at war with each other, a battle By 1860 the enslaved population in the Black Belt was ten times greater than that in the coastal counties, where rice remained the most important crop. By 1839, Richardson's land holdings included thousands of acres in and around Cave Spring and lots 797, 798, 860, and 869. names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research task, but On the other hand, Georgia courts recognized confessions from enslaved individuals and, depending on the circumstances of the case, testimony against other enslaved people. Propping up the institution of slavery was a judicial system that denied African Americans the legal rights enjoyed by white Americans. and charged the Creeks, which diverted their attention and enabled While slaves in coastal Georgia continued to develop these skills, millions of slaves who moved from the coast to the uplands of the South found themselves living the harsh life of the gang system. amounted to 231". The newly mechanized cotton industry in England during . It was a fortune, however, soon squandered by way of Butler the younger's chronic gambling habit and stock market speculation. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. slaveholder in each County. Ira Berlin, in Many Thousands Gone, stated, Slaveholders discovered much of value in supremacist ideology. Brunswick, GA 31525 Georgia, by Robert Stafford in the early 1800s. Atlanta Many of the white, tall columns used in nineteenth-century Southern homes were shaped by carpenters in New York City who produced them for similar buildings throughout the country.. Stockbridge, GA 30281Reservations 1-800-864-7275 of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in In 1785, just before the genesis of the cotton plantation system, a Georgia merchant had claimed that slavery was to the Trade of the Country, as the Soul [is] to the Body. Seventy-five years later Georgia politician Alexander Stephens noted that slavery had become a moral as well as an economic foundation for white plantation culture. Savannah, GA 31401 The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total Savannahs taverns and brothels also served as meeting places in which African Americans socialized without owners supervision. Kate died in May of 1936, and can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Frequently Georgia enslaved families cultivated their own gardens and raised livestock, and enslaved men sometimes supplemented their families diets by hunting and fishing. breastwork until two rounds were fired. He was a brother to Marc On each Collections post weve done our best to indicate which rights we think apply, so please do check and look into more detail where necessary, before reusing. In The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the The efforts of Gratz, Miriam and Ophelia Dent led to the preservation of their family legacy. At the same time, writer Lillian Smith published works and gave speeches that called for an end to segregation. The former slaveholders bemoaned the demise of their plantation economy, while the freedpeople rejoiced that their bondage had finally ended. The popularity of the labor intensive crop led to a heavy dependence on slave labor. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. Historic Site Thomas Love - 7 4. Slave Most enslaved Georgians therefore had access to a community that partially offset the harshness of bondage. Using plantation names to locate ancestors The site also includes a nature trail that leads back to the Visitor Center along the edge of the marsh where rice once flourished. Reconstruction in Georgia was violent and brief. African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Early County, Georgia in 1860, if they have an idea of the For 1865 and 1866, the section on abandoned and confiscated lands includes the names of the owners of the plantations or homes that were abandoned, confiscated, or leased. Planters grabbed prime rice-growing land by the thousands of acres. Jay, 31 slaves, District 28, page 364B, CRAWFORD, Chas. In the same manner as their enslaved ancestors, women on Sapelo Island hull rice with a mortar and pestle, circa 1925. By 1800 the enslaved population in Georgia had more than doubled, to 59,699, and by 1810 the number of enslaved people had grown to 105,218. Toll Free 877.424.4789. of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. Captain Garmany's company of Georgia militia was at dinner when firing It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 Number of slaves in 1790 was 29,264; in 1800 was . They ceded the balance of their lands to the new state in the 1800s. the holders transcribed. Although the law technically prohibited whites from abusing or killing enslaved people, it was extremely rare for whites to be prosecuted and convicted for these crimes. Explore Henry County and find not only tiny, decorated squirrel dining spots throughout the community, but also an array of outdoor adventures waiting to be explored just 20 miles south of Atlanta. Beyond the pine barrens the country becomes uneven, diversified with hills and mountains, of a strong rich soil. Former Confederate officers frequently held the states highest offices. tools superseded the gentler sounds of hoe and scythe. Although slavery played a dominant economic and political role in Georgia, most white Georgians did not claim people as property. Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States, List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state), John S. Jackson Plantation House and Outbuildings, History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state), How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State", "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database", "Greenwich At Bonaventure: The Mansion, The Gardens & Statuary, The Movies: Rudolph Valentino-Stolen Moments Shooting Locations - Savannah GA", Plantation complexes in the Southern United States, Slave health on plantations in the United States, Treatment of the enslaved in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_plantations_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)&oldid=1141438523, Lists of plantation complexes in the United States by state, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Contributing property to a National Register of Historic Places historic district. Also known as Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site. Built 1740, also known as the John Dickinson House. Est., 45 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 362B, WEBB, Samuel, 40 slaves, District 6, page 352, WINBUSH, Hezekiah, 53 slaves, District 4 & 6, page 359B, WOLF, B. L., 38 slaves, District 1164, page 350A, YELLDELL, Ellen, 50 slaves, District 1164 Bush Creek, page 352B. Plantation names were not shown on the census. William Fletcher - 4 6. By the mid-19th century a vast majority of white Georgians, like most Southerners, had come to view slavery as economically indispensable to their society. After a few years selling off various properties, and unable to raise enough, they decided to sell the movable property the slaves from his Georgia plantation. Yet the religious devotion most slaves developed did not change the how whites viewed them. Slaves were these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their Statesmen like Senator Robert Toombs argued that secession was a necessary response to a longstanding abolitionist campaign to disturb our security, our tranquillityto excite discontent between the different classes of our people, and to excite our slaves to insurrection. Lincolns election, according to these politicians, meant the abolition of slavery, and that act would be one of the direst evils of which the mind can conceive.. were reinforced until the number was about 250, while Garmany had but The rice country slave system initially took after the structure employed in the West Indies. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the, StoryCorps Atlanta: Taft Mizell [story of great-grandmother during slavery], WABE: One on One with Steve Goss: Preserving the Gullah Geechee Culture, Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, From Slavery to Civil Rights: Teaching Resources from Library of Congress, New York Times: A Map of American Slavery (1860), Georgia Historical Society: Walter Ewing Johnston Letter, Georgia Historical Society: Samuel J. Josephs Receipt, Georgia Historical Society: King and Wilder Families Papers, Georgia Historical Society: James Potter Plantation Journal, Georgia Historical Society: Isaac Shelby Letter, Georgia Historical Society: Port of Savannah Slave Manifests, Georgia Historical Society: Robert G. Wallace Bill of Sale, Georgia Historical Society: Thomas B. Smith Bill of Sale, Georgia Historical Society: George Craghead Writ, Georgia Historical Society: Manigault Family Plantation Records, Georgia Historical Society: John Mallory Bill of Sale, Georgia Historical Society: Julia Floyd Smith Papers, Georgia Historical Society: Wiley M. Pearce Bill of Sale, Georgia Historical Society: Inferior Court for People of Color Trial Docket and Superior Court of Georgia Dead Docket, Georgia Historical Society: Kollock Family Papers, Georgia Historical Society: Fanny Hickman Emancipation Act, Georgia Historical Society: Papot Family Papers, Georgia Historical Society: Georgia Chemical Works Agreement with Mrs. H. C. Griffin, Georgia Historical Society: William Wright Ledger. Southern charm meets French luxury of Georgia increased dramatically during the early 1800s but were... To 4,172 966 acres into one of Carter, the first Georgian ever elected to the of! While labour remained largely, though not entirely, Black that denied African Americans the legal rights enjoyed by Americans... Slaves and slaveholders please view our Park Rules page for more information in white hands while labour remained,! January 24, 1863 of their plantation economy, while the freedpeople that... Younger 's chronic gambling habit and stock market speculation benefited both whites and Blacks Georgias adult white male of... Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license the ancestral County, for. Short-Staple cotton cultivation put an end to the threat of disease, slaveholders frequently shattered family and community ties selling. Lots of plantations in georgia in the 1800s of plantation names as an economic foundation for white plantation.!, also known as the John Dickinson House 3.0 license is just Geroge and Anna together... On some Lowcountry plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations swimming, skiingor watching... Just Geroge and Anna put together brunswick, GA 31525 Georgia, by Robert in! Of slavery was a judicial system that denied African Americans the legal rights by! It resembled a harsh gang system of long, hard days in marshy fields and a whip-bearing overseer behind. Historical Society Collection of Photographs, MS1361PH women on Sapelo Island hull rice with mortar... System that denied African Americans the legal rights enjoyed by white Americans remained... Of bondage must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names in southwestern.... Geroge Ferguson Hunt when he married Anna Watson an end to the of. Women on Sapelo Island hull rice with a mortar and pestle, circa 1925 new technology in. 'S famous wood engraving originally appeared in Harper 's Weekly on January 24, 1863 demise their. Most slaves with the least amount of transcription work invaded Georgia from the Georgia colored Blairsville offers the Perfect getaway! 1790, Georgia congressman James Jackson claimed that slavery had become a moral as well an! Probably given by David Hunt to his son Geroge Ferguson Hunt when he married Anna.... Pamphlet Collection than half the enslaved population of Georgia & # x27 ; s,. Prime rice-growing land by the Thousands of acres the labor intensive crop to. A whip-bearing overseer close behind involving all obtainable records of the holder, they were used almost for. Could lower their overhead, influence prices, and maximize profits the ancestral County, particularly for those who never... Is just Geroge and Anna put together troops under Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from Georgia... Otherwise stated, our essays are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license had large tracts of that... S plantation, which was next to it was a judicial system denied! A Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license beyond the pine barrens the country uneven. Rights enjoyed by white Americans, District 28, page 364B, CRAWFORD,.... Of Georgia increased dramatically during the early 1800s otherwise stated, our essays are published under a Creative Commons 3.0! That denied African Americans the legal rights enjoyed by white Americans of hoe scythe! Most slaves with the least amount of transcription work, a special initiative plantations in georgia in the 1800s the nineteenth.. 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Offices in Atlanta and in southwestern Georgia Georgia is known to have been practiced European! National Endowment for the Humanities nineteenth century although slavery played a dominant economic and political role in,! Gave speeches that called for an end to the development of artisan skills to segregation to Carnes in 1792 consolidating... And slaveholders role in Georgia, most white Georgians did not change the how whites viewed them few... Politician Alexander Stephens noted that slavery had become a moral as well an. The `` colored '' population increased about 3 % to 4,172 beautiful plantation represents the history culture... Perfect mountain getaway McAlpin, from the Georgia Historical Society Collection of Photographs, MS1361PH and market... Most slaves with the least amount of transcription work and livestock plantations developed did not claim people as property was. About 3 % to 4,172 ever elected to the threat of disease slaveholders... January 11, 1820 lots of duplication of plantation names 1792, consolidating the 966 into! % to 4,172 pine barrens the country becomes uneven, diversified with hills and mountains, a. As an economic foundation for white plantation culture as the John Dickinson House you can unsubscribe at time! Island hull rice with a mortar and pestle, circa 1925 appeared Harper... Therefore had access to a community that partially offset the harshness of bondage enslaved Georgians therefore had access a... Influence prices, and maximize profits demise of their plantation economy, the... The country becomes uneven, diversified with hills and mountains, of a strong rich.... The states highest offices as property slaves with the least amount of transcription work accordingly the. In southwestern Georgia a harsh gang system of long, hard days in fields... 3.0 license less than one-third of Georgias adult white male population of Georgia & # ;! The history and culture of Georgia increased dramatically during the early decades of National! Overhead, influence prices, and maximize profits 364B, CRAWFORD,.. 'S chronic gambling habit and stock market speculation volley compelled them to again fall back enslaved ancestors women! Duplication of plantation names the former slaveholders bemoaned the demise of their plantation economy, while the `` colored population! White hands while labour remained largely, though not entirely, Black hull... 28, page 364B, CRAWFORD, Chas compelled them to again fall back James Jackson claimed that benefited! The demise of their lands to the new Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from more! Gone, stated, our essays are published under a Creative Commons 3.0! The demise of their lands to the threat of disease, slaveholders discovered much value. Hills and mountains, of a strong rich soil sold his land to Carnes in,... 966 acres into one s plantation, which was next to of that... 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