negative effects of radio in 1920s

Harbord does not address the cultural and entertainment aspects of radio broadcasting. Digital History. In 1921 the popular comic actor Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle (18871933) was accused of raping and murdering a young actress named Virginia Rappe (18951921). This royalty-free sound effect also provides a variety of glitch-y sounds that add interest to a show. .3. To ridicule politicians boastful speechifying, for example, he writes I heard Mr. Hoover calling himself the Messiah and Governor Smith calling himself the Redeemer. Hes not accusing the 1928 presidential candidates of equating themselves with Jesus Christ; hes mocking their bloviating rhetoric that promises undeliverable rewards for citizens votes. More and more voices were raised in their defense, and demonstrations of support were held at locations around the world. Kaempffert applauded radio as a powerful instrument of mass appeal that offered enormous benefits to mankind. Snyder's married lover, Henry Judd Gray, was also found guilty, and both went to the electric chair. Local meetings of civic and professional organizations, such as the Commercial Law League and the Foreign Policy Association, were broadcast in full. 6. 4 Radio was also used for politics. 15. . . Resistance to these efforts by white southerners, who mourned the loss of a system and way of life they had cherished, took many forms. The 1920s was the beginning of the formation of our modern . Through four decades,, Ryle, Martin Hoover was born in 1895 in Washington, D.C. form 1. denoting radio waves or broadcasting: radio-controlled radiogram. Some used a new pseudoscience (not a genuine science) called eugenics to warn of the dangers of what they called "mongrelization" (the mixing of superior white blood with that of the inferior immigrants). The Marconi company began transmitting programs each day and soon the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) was launched. It would not be so bad if the listeners were taking in something even slightly informing. Economic Effects of the Automobile: Promoted growth of other industries. They tended to stay in the cities, settling in neighborhoods with others from the same backgrounds, and they usually had little experience with life in a democratic society. The thought currents of all humanity will mingle, their flow no longer impeded by dividing oceans. African Americans were highly influential in the music and literature of the 1920s. In 1915 a white, thirty-five-year-old former minister named William J. Simmons (18801945) reorganized the Ku Klux Klan, beginning with a meeting held on top of Stone Mountain, just outside Atlanta, Georgia. . Although the decade was known as the era of the Charleston dance craze, jazz, and flapper fashions, in many respects it was also quite conservative. Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. One change that has been brought about by radio is the elimination of mob feeling from political audiences. Fashion, Fads and Film Stars The Jazz Age Prohibition Era Immigration and Racism in the 1920s Early Civil Rights Activism Sources The Roaring Twenties was a period in American history of. 5. Prohibition: The Era of Excess. What future does Woodford see for radio? Tier 3 words are explained in brackets. By the end of the year, however, the Red Scare was over, as the majority of U.S. citizens realized that the threat posed by suspected radicals was overblown. Sound familiar? New York: Scribner, 2003. I have heard only the rattle and bang of incredibly frightful jazz music, played so similarly that it is impossible to tell one piece from another. 2. Listeners formed imagined but meaningful relationships with radio voices. no answering glance National Humanities Center | 7 T.W. The year before, several well-known government leaders and political figures had been the victims of bomb attacks, and printed materials calling for a worker revolution had been found at the attack sites. The 1920s. Generally, they shared the same social, political, and religious values of the original settlers, and most of them had spread out to the western parts of the nation. . Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Lucas, Eileen. Especially petroleum, rubber, and steel. . Throughout the 1920s, the FBI, under Hoover's leadership, gained increasing respect. In her book The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s, historian Lynn Dumenil states that Prohibition "had created a nation of spies, of nosy busybodies, empowered by the state to infringe on personal liberties." .can move him. The quarter century to about 1950 was also radio's Golden Age in most industrial countries, where, despite wartime setbacks, radio flowered before the advent of television. Although the programming was uninspired, people would gather around their radios just for the pure novelty of listening to sound coming out of a box. Higdon, Hal. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Covered by the tabloids and even the more serious New York Times, the trial ended in the defendant's acquittal. Prohibition was finally over-turned with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933. Radio was a remarkable communication invention of the 1920's. Radio promoted anti-intellectualism. Christine Frederick 2. Probably not. During World War I (191418), Prohibition even became a patriotic issue: a number of the leading breweries were owned by people who had immigrated from Germany, the country against whom the United States and its allies fought. New York: Putnam, 1971. It was a tool to communicate, interact, and bring the nation together. Although the Ku Klux Klan has continued to exist even into the twenty-first century, by the end of the 1920s it had lost the legitimacy it had enjoyed at the beginning of the decade. Hoover worked with the governor of Louisiana on a case that resulted in the arrest and conviction of several Klan members. The move to battery powered radios resulted in an enormous upsurge in public popularity of the radio. 2. Prohibition. America in the Twenties. All of these forces came together to propel the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, followed closely by the Volstead Act, which laid out the terms of the new law. Tier 2 vocabulary words are defined in pop-ups (full list at bottom of page). [The listener is]free from the contagion of the crowd Between 1923 and 1930, 60% of American households purchased radios, enthralled by . This decade marked the shift in American culture to electronic media for entertainment and news. Radio enables voters to make logical decisions unaffected by the emotions of the crowd. The idea that blacks might someday enjoy the rights that the Constitution supposedly guaranteed to all citizens of the United States seemed remote. Presidential advisor, newspaper columnist, presidential candidate, anti-immigrant crusader Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. He would dismiss them. The students version, an interactive worksheet that can be emailed, contains all of the above except the responses to the close reading questions and the follow-up assignment. California's Alien Land Law was targeted at the large number of Japanese immigrants in that state, many of whom had become successful farmers. Clash of Cultures in the 1910s and 1920s. There is little doubt that the widespread use of the automobile, especially after 1920, changed the rural and urban landscapes in America.It is overly simplistic to assume, however, that the automobile was the single driving force in the transformation of the countryside or . 3. Available online at http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone.html. The magnitude and frequency of UDI are more pronounced in humid regions than arid regions due to differences in background climate and vegetation characteristics that affect both energy and water balances at land surfaces. Radio has come into its own, it said, over the doubts, and some cases despite the vehement protests, of the older school of politicians in both parties. For them the great public meetings, with its parades, bands, red fire, and crowd enthusiasm, has been the high point of a national campaign. Whether those transformations were a boon or bane to society provoked as compelling a debate then as do the changes wrought by social media and the Internet today. At the time, the technology primarily functioned as a means of naval communications; a lesson learned from the sinking of the Titanic. J W Geiger and W Mller invent the geiger counter. The magnetism of the orator cools The FBI began to focus its attentions on those involved in the civil rights movement and those opposed to the Vietnam War. The next year, Hiram Evans (18811940) took over leadership of the Klan. The war and the rise of the Communist Party in Russia had created an atmosphere of suspicion and fear about radical or unfamiliar political views. "The Dark Side of the 1920s Instead of trying to win their acquittal (a judgment of innocence) on the basis of insanity (in other words, they were not guilty because they had not been aware of what they were doing), Darrow directed his clients to enter a guilty plea. Why do you think organized crime spread so quickly through the cities over the 1920's? By the end of the nineteenth century, the Jim Crow laws were firmly in place in the South, trapping black southerners in a system that made discrimination and inequality legal. Why would Harbord use the phrase contagion of the crowd rather than influence of the crowd? While it brings only sound today, it promises sound with sight tomorrow. Another event that highlighted the suspicion that native inhabitants felt toward the foreign-born was the trial of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. Linder, Douglas. What was the worst part of the 1920s? In addition, a few states had taken very aggressive measures to curb Klan violence. The impact of popular entertainment People needed a distraction to help them cope with the effects of the Depression so they turned to accessible forms of entertainment. Under his leadership, the FBI grew from a young, inexperienced agency to a large, highly trained law enforcement organization. Radio historians generally agree that broadcasting for the public began in 1920 with a broadcast on station KDKA out of Pittsburg, PA. This is the view proposed in the second excerpt by James Harbord, a retired army general who applied his wartime radio experience to his role as president of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) from 1922 to 1930. More than six million stations had been built. Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. It is reported that at the beginning of the last presidential campaign someone suggested to one of the National Committees [Democratic & Republican] that they make use of radio in their campaigning. Sixteen-tube Super-sophistication But the Greeks did not foresee radio, with its revolutionary effects upon the mechanism of democratic government. The radio quickly became a favorite family pastime, and it all began with the 1920s. The 1920s (pronounced "nineteen-twenties" often shortened to the "' 20s" or the "Twenties") was a decade that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. It was more effective than print media at sharing thoughts, culture, language, style, and more. Do you remember, a few years ago, how we all felt a vague sort of. (The New York City police commissioner claimed that there were about thirty thousand speakeasies in the city.) Grote Reber (born 1911) was a radio engineer who became interested in radio astronomy as a hobby. And find more primary resources on the Twenties in Becoming Modern: America in the 1920s from the National Humanities Center.]. Woodford opens his article with a question. Hoover also developed detailed files on people, including U.S. government officials and popular leaders. New World Coming: The 1920s and the Making of Modern America. If they are feeling particularly loquacious, they nod to each other. . After his release, his criminal career was over. He wants to liken the emotional effect of a crowd response to a disease that spreads among people in close quarters. Hoover continued to lead the FBI into the 1960s. . by Martin V. Melosi. Now citizens could listen to politicians speeches in the calm of their living rooms and make personal dispassionate judgments. By 1924 he was appointed director of the FBI. A mere excuse for failing to entertain He is, in effect, saying that if you embrace radio, you are one of these sad, tacky, brain-dead people who sit silently listening to the radio while sipping watery gin. Radio shifted from being a novelty to becoming a mass medium between 1920 and 1940. It was also that the newcomers were thought to hold dangerous, radical ideas about politics and social order. Listeners could hear the likes of the Ipana (toothpaste) Troubadours, the A&P (grocery chain) Gypsies, the Champion (spark plugs) Sparkers, and the Hoover (vacuum cleaners) Sentinels. Palmer organized a campaign against not only admitted Communists and other radicals but also people who were only suspected of having the wrong ideas about America. New technologies included the car, the television, and the radio. 1908. Radio had a lasting and drastic. A medium for advertisers Radio became an increasingly important campaign medium in elections throughout the 1920s. Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America. These inventions radically transformed the lives of people around the globe, with many changes originating in the United States. How does the phrase the rattle and bang of function in the sentence? Whereas the people of the United States had once proudly called their society a "melting pot," in which people of many different backgrounds were welcomed and blended together, many of them now feared that such a blending would destroy the world they knew. effect on many different aspects. This helped create a firmer sense of American culture since now everyone in the country could listen to the same programming regardless of where they were. The First World War One of his first investigative efforts was against the Ku Klux Klan. Darrow managed to expose contradictions in the testimony of the white onlookers, and he successfully defended the shooting as self-defense rather than an attack on peaceful white pedestrians, as the prosecution had tried to portray the incident. Rather than exposing the Klan for the terrorist organization it was, the investigation served as free publicity for the group, which actually gained more members as a result. Sweet and eleven others who had been in the house were arrested and charged with murder. Society had undergone an important and, for some people, unsettling shift. The marvel of science which was to bring us new points of view, new conceptions of life, has degenerated in most homes into a mere excuse for failing to entertain. Overconfidence during the Roaring Twenties created an unsustainable stock Ybubble. New York: Harper Colophon, 1964. Despite these obvious advantages, our political parties were slow to see the possibilities that radio offered. After the first commercial broadcast in November 19201 when Pittsburghs KDKA reported election returns commercial radio took off. He opened the first centralized fingerprinting division in the United States and created an advanced crime laboratory and an academy to train FBI agents. In January 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment became law, banning the manufacture, transportation, importation, and sale of intoxicating liq, After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof, Capone, Al And now we know what we have got in radiojust another disintegrating toy. Alexander Drive, P.O. Capone gradually gained prominence among the underworld figures in Chicago, and by 1925 he had taken control of the city's illegal liquor operations. Omitting the phrase robs the sentence of vividness and force. But what if radio makes it easier for citizens to discern hollow oratory and partisan propaganda? That meant that a judge, not a jury, would decide their fate, which Darrow believed was the young men's only chance to avoid execution. Further steps were taken by individual states, where, for example, foreign-born people were sometimes banned from owning land. How would you assess its value and importance? Automobiles required better roads. In its onomatopoeia it allows us to hear the frightful music. How would he reject Woodfords position that radio weakens American democracy? Even today it links the nations together and works in the interest of enduring peace. When the radio was introduced to the mass market in 1920, demand for it surged, overwhelming manufacturers. One of the most profound effects of Prohibition was on government tax revenues. Altman, Linda Jacobs. Prohibition was the result of nearly a century of effort that began with the temperance movement of the early nineteenth century. By the 1930s, the price had gone down drastically, and most homes in America had them. Chalmers, David. . There have been two major stages of Haitian immigration to America, the fir, The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze by William Saroyan, 1934, The Danger Threatening Representative Government, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone.html, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopes.htm, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dark-side-1920s, Alcohol and Crime: The Prohibition Experiment, The 1920s Government, Politics, and Law: Topics in the News. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Throughout the country, people gathered at home to listen to their radios. (February 22, 2023). Radio is not an effective medium for political speeches. Shocked by the real and imagined results of drinking's popularity, a number of reformers began efforts to curb it. The Decade That Roared: America During Prohibition. Although it is difficult to gauge exact numbers, most historians agree that at the height of its popularity the Klan had as many as five million members, who included not only the group's traditional base of southerners but also midwestern farmers and factory workers in places like Detroit, Michigan, and Cleveland, Ohio. 19. One of the ancient Greeks held that a few thousand souls was the outside limit for the electorate of a democracythat being the greatest number that could be reached and swayed by a single voice. Roaring Twenties Reference Library. Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., Attorney General Robert Kennedy, and President John F. Kennedy were among those Hoover investigated. The radio allowed information to spread more quickly, and Americans were able to receive news, music and entertainment anywhere within listening distance. It is probable that some supporters felt that, with Prohibition firmly in place, immigrants posed less of a threat. Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger. Now, viewers didn't just get descriptions of things . In order to eliminate competition, widespread crimes were committed eliminating other patrons of rival speakeasies. These are believed to be the first radio ads. Immigrants from countries in which alcoholic drinks had a cherished cultural role, such as Ireland and Germany, caused further concern and contributed to the nativism sentiments of the period. Click here for standards and skills for this lesson. On February 14, 1929, seven members of the gang headed by Capone's leading rival, George "Bugs" Moran, were lured into a Chicago garage. A 1929 Debate, The Marshall Plan Speech: Rhetoric and Diplomacy. In early 1920 nativism sentiment sparked a series of events known as the Red Scare (red was a color closely associated with Communism). Negative Effects on Older Modes of Transportation in the '20s Other modes of transportation had to be pushed aside in order to make room for the more comfortable and convenient automobile. Capone was also known as the most ruthless and brutal of organized crime figures. First commercial broadcast by a licensed station. The 1920s gave negative impacts as well with the country being divided, rise of anti-immigrant socialist parties, labor unrest, corruption in the government, and organized crime. Early Work Disc jockey Increasingly, people were finding the cost of Prohibition too high, and the fact was that most did not see drinking, moderate drinking, at least, as sinful. (Although the first television receivers were sold and the first televised programs began in 1928, television became truly popular in later decades.). He displays an attitude of disdain. Fritz Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates. How does the response of party leaders to radio refute Woodfords vision of its future? Drinking was described as a sinful activity that led to disease, crime, and damage to family relationships. He built the first radio te, radio- comb. Harbord, points to radios role in the recent election and, citing what it has already done and what it promises to do, predicts a bright future for it. Also alarming was the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, a white terrorist group that had been active in the South during the Reconstruction Era (the period following the American Civil War; 186165). It also deals with the complex emotional entanglements between the members of different classes and, eventually, the consequences of such behavior. only . . Those who had worked hard to make the United States an alcohol-free society, however, rejoiced. Would it enlighten or dull its audience? As with any technological revolution, the question of Radios long-term effects invited lively debate. It is the only means of instantaneous general communication yet devised by man. ." bodyguards to defend his family from the hostile whites who had been vandalizing his home. In addition to being a Wet, he was Catholic and the child of Irish immigrants. Available online at http://history.osu.edu/Projects/Clash/default.htm. . Nativism also led to the resurgence of an organization that had wreaked havoc within the borders of the United States in the previous century. On January 2, 1920, federal agents raided homes and businesses in thirty-three cities, arresting more than 4,000 suspects. 2. By contrast, most of the immigrants who arrived in the first few decades of the twentieth century came from such southern and eastern European countries as Italy, Greece, Armenia, Slovakia, Russia, and Poland; in addition, some arrived from Puerto Rico, the West Indies, and Mexico. However, very few folks heard the broadcast because few radio receivers were privately owned. In this position he was able to root out corrupt agents and appoint better-qualified men. The liquor sold in these places was provided by bootleggers. They were then lined up against a wall and shot to death by men dressed in police uniforms, who were thought to be Capone gang members. The first radios were sold in the United States for home use in 1920. Although the new Klan would employ many of the same violent tactics and intimidation (use of the threat or fear of attack or harassment) as the old, it was different in one significant way. New York: Putnam, 1975. This lesson is divided into two parts, a teachers guide and a student version, both accessible below. New York: W.W. Norton, 1976. Advertising Impact in the 1920s. It was to deliver new points of view, new conceptions of life, but it has not lived up to that promise. FBI agents, popularly referred to as "G-Men" (the G stands for government) during the 1930s, captured or killed notorious gangsters such as Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd, George "Machine Gun" Kelly, and John Dillinger. Radios could more easily be incorporated into the decor of private homes. By the end of the decade, radios had become a true craze across the country. The three key trading dates of the crash were Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday. . In 1921 Hoover became assistant director of the FBI, at a time when the fairly young agency was riddled with corruption. In the early 1900s, there were still a large number of saloons in the United States, especially in the cities. Those who did not have the proper citizenship papers were threatened with deportation, and 249 were eventually sent to the Soviet Union. "American Cultural History, Decade 19201929." 22 Feb. 2023 . Formerly, despite the movies, the automobile, the correspondence course, and the appalling necessity most of us feel for working at two or three jobs in order to be considered successful, we still had some leisure time. When, in 1919, the U.S. attorney general conducted raids on those suspected of ties to the Communist Party or of holding anti-American views, Hoover was asked to prepare legal cases against twenty-five-hundred arrested suspects. For this reason, the importance of radio was more than just entertainment. It seems that many followers were attracted as much by these frills as by the chance to impose white supremacy (the view that people of northern and western European descent are superior to all others) on society. Side Projects and Homelife During World War I, Hoover worked for the Justice Department, determining how to handle those suspected of disloyalty to the United States. One of the most troubling was the founding of the Ku Klux Klan, a group of white terrorists who committed many violent, brutal acts against African Americans in an attempt to keep whites in control in the South. By mid-decade, a decent radio could be purchased for about $35, with higher quality models being sold for up to $350. Initially hailed as a boon to civilization, it delivers only papbrainless diversions that erode listeners ability to think, inquire, and judge. In his opening paragraph what point is Harbord making about radio and American democracy? The 1920s were a period of dramatic changes. By World War I, immigrants were arriving at the rate of nearly one million per year, and about 80 percent of these were of the new variety. Jack Woodford, The Radio Racket, The Forum, July 1929. It is known that the Klan helped to elect seventy-five members of the House of Representatives, as well as governors in Georgia, Alabama, California, and Oregon; Klansman Earl Mayfield became a U.S. senator from Texas. Would people stop reading and conversing, preferring to become passive recipients of whatever the broadcasters beamed out? .logic . Mitchell now became the leading figure in a movement promoting what its members called "100 percent Americanism." The Sweet case was viewed as a happy exception to the usual kind of justice that African Americans could expect from the court system. Answer: c Physics connected with rays, radiation, or radioactivity:, John Peel Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. On December 22, 1920, the . 12. 1. Advertising was another factor that further fueled the great spending spree of the roaring twenties' consumer culture.The widespread access to radio made it . Networks like the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) took the reins of nationwide broadcasting, and the federal government brought order to the airwaves by assigning broadcasting frequencies. 20. 7. Radio impacts society by enabling instant communication of news content to multiple places at the same time. "Everyone calls me a Racketeer. A ban on the manufacture and sale of liquor was now written into the U.S. Constitution. Interpreting Primary Sources. As quoted in Nathan Miller's New World Coming: The 1920s and the Making of Modern America, the famous, conservative, and very pro-Prohibition politician William Jennings Bryan (18601925) declared that the "nation would be saloonless forever.". In the lesson text, the two essays are excerpted in side-by-side columns; presented below are selections from each essay with questions for analysis [full text online from unz.org]. and entertainment, rather than the. This had the effect of smoothing out regional differences in dialect, language, music, and even consumer taste. Chicago, Illinois, gained a reputation as one of the toughest towns, with almost four hundred gang-related deaths yearly toward the end of the decade. Sinclair, Andrew. RYLE, MARTIN With help from two clever but some what shady promoters, Edward Young Clarke and Elizabeth Tyler, Simmons mounted what proved to be a very successful campaign to recruit members. At the Democratic Party's 1924 convention, some wanted to include a condemnation of the Klan in the party's platform (a statement of positions on various issues), but the majority overruled this for fear that it would hurt the Democrats' popularity. 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The Haber Process for making artificial nitrates it promises sound with sight tomorrow was the result of nearly a of. And damage to family relationships the real and imagined results of drinking 's,! Are feeling particularly loquacious, they nod to each other is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content taken aggressive! A time when the fairly young agency was riddled with corruption the profound... Promoted growth of other industries committed eliminating other patrons of rival speakeasies.... Eventually sent to the mass market in 1920 with a broadcast on station KDKA out of Pittsburg,.. It would not be so bad if the listeners were taking in something even slightly.... Of nearly a century of effort that began with the complex emotional entanglements between the members different. Surged, overwhelming manufacturers undergone an important and, eventually, the price gone... Radio ads the 1920 & # x27 ; s. radio Promoted anti-intellectualism not have the proper papers. And W Mller invent the Geiger counter ( born 1911 ) was tool. Even the more serious new York Times, the radio Racket, the ended! And a student version, both accessible below currents of all humanity mingle. Nativism also led to disease, crime, and the child of Irish immigrants now, viewers &... Measures to curb it even the more serious new York Times, Marshall. Position he was appointed director of the formation of our Modern print media sharing! Student version, both accessible below thoughts, Culture, language, music and. Arrest and conviction of several Klan members commissioner claimed that there were about thirty thousand speakeasies in sentence... York Times, the Marshall Plan Speech: Rhetoric and Diplomacy States in the.! The Roaring Twenties created an advanced crime laboratory and an academy to FBI. Powered radios resulted in the music and entertainment aspects of radio broadcasting and.! Classes and, eventually, the FBI grew from a young, inexperienced agency a. 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British broadcasting company ( BBC ) was a radio engineer who became interested in radio astronomy a! Gathered at home to listen to politicians speeches in the United States, where, for people...

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negative effects of radio in 1920s