Slow cooling gives crystals enough time to grow to easily seen sizes (i.e., larger than 1 mm). This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. This page titled 4.1: Classification of Igneous Rocks is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher (OpenGeology) . Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture? A) andesite E. All of these. Typical felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite (Figure 3.3.5). This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. They have a mineral composition that is intermediate between granite and basalt. 6 2/3 Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. This lava cools into basalt, a rock that is heavy and dark in color due to its higher iron and magnesium levels. A single magma may generate several mineralogically different igneous rocks. Extrusive or volcanic rocks crystallize from lava at the earth's surface. C) granite The cracks, called fissures or vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano. Salt Lake Community College via OpenGeology. Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. C. aphanitic or glassy texture D. ocean ridge volcanoes The process by which the same magma may produce different composition igneous rocks. 3. decompression melting Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. A. both quartz and muscovite Much like hot fudge being poured over cold ice cream, this transfer of heat is able to melt the surrounding rock (the ice cream) into magma. Laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions of magma that form between sedimentary layers. When lava is extruded onto the surface, or intruded into shallow fissures near the surface and cools, the resulting igneous rock is called extrusive or volcanic. Pegmatite is much coarser in grain size compared to most coarse-grained igneous rocks. Granite: Granite is the intrusive equivalent of rhyolite but has a coarser texture. Peacock, M. A. C. cause rocks to melt at lower temperatures, magnified by an increase in pressure, important at convergent plate boundaries It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. solid and pinstriped 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. Steady and relatively calm lava fountains continue to change and expand the Big Island of Hawaii. The texture of an igneous rock (fine-grained vs coarse-grained) is dependent on the rate of cooling of the melt: slow cooling allows large crystals to form, fast cooling yields small crystals. Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centres (when cooled, they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). Log in for more information. A) the rock's texture Rhyolite is a fine-crystalline felsic extrusive rock. Figure 3.3.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle. 4. volatiles, A heated crystalline solid most likely melts when ________. In some cases, extrusive lava cools so rapidly it does not develop crystals at all. Differences in temperature, pressure, and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different ways. When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). Ultramafic refers to the extremely mafic rocks composed of mostly olivine and some pyroxene which have even more magnesium and iron and even less silica. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. D) texture and mineral composition This huge increase in temperature allowed just one magma well to generate roughly 36 megawatts of electricity, powering 36,000 homes. Flux MeltingFlux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. Peacock, M. A. Inflammation of the lymph vessels is known as________. Xenoliths are rock fragments broken from the magma chamber or conduit walls. This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. In the discontinuous branch, olivine is typically the first mineral to form (at just below 1300C). It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. Being that oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in magma, geologists define magma types in terms of their silica content, expressed as SiO2. 2. B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. Match the rock name with the best description. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. A magmatic dike is simply a large slab of magmatic material that has intruded into another rock body. This process is known as fractional crystallization. The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix. Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. D. a magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains E. intermediate silica, intermediate iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. 1. basaltic scoria The individual crystals in phaneritic texture are readily visible to the unaided eye. Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and viscosity. Peacock, M. A. B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. The composition of magma depends on the rock it was formed from (by melting), and the conditions of that melting. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. why is it helpful to measure the specific gravity of a mineral? Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. 1. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. A) diorite; intrusive rock that formed from the cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma The rate of cooling determines the rock's texture, or size of the mineral's crystals. B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths Match the igneous rock texture and its appropriate description. B. the upper mantle The most familiar way for magma to escape, or extrude, to Earths surface is through lava. The results were studied under the microscope and by chemical analysis. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. 5. gabbro Book: An Introduction to Geology (Johnson, Affolter, Inkenbrandt, and Mosher), { "5.01:_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.02:_Bowens_Reaction_Series" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.03:_Magma_Generation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.04:_Partial_Melting_and_Crystallization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.05:_Volcanism" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Understanding_Science" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Plate_Tectonics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Crustal_Deformation_and_Earthquakes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Metamorphic_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Weathering_Erosion_and_Sedimentary_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Mass_Wasting" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Glaciers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Global_Climate_Change" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:__Coastlines" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Deserts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Geologic_Time" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Earth_History" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "transcluded:yes", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:johnsonaffolterinkenbmosher", "source[1]-geo-6860" ], https://geo.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FGettysburg_College%2FBook%253A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)%2F05%253A_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes%2F5.01%253A_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Aphanitic/Phaneritic Rock Types with Images. B) amount of space available for crystals to fill Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. St. Helens volcano, and why? These eruptions eject lava violently into the air, which cools into dacite and rhyolite rock. Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. Why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks? Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). F) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - more gases = slower magma cooling. Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. Geothermal drilling projects discovered two magma sites on the Big Island of Hawaii, and one on Iceland. . D. ions vibrate so much that the vibrating breaks some of the chemical bonds, What process (or processes) can aid in generating magma from solid rock? Typical mafic rocks are gabbro (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive). The rock that results from this is an igneous rock from the Latin word ignis, meaning "fire." Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). = 2 5/20 Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Examples of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. This process transfers heat and creates magma. C) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Which of the following is the likely cause of a vesicular texture (open cavities in a rock)? To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. B. diorite A __________ texture would be most UNLIKELY to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. D) Temperature of the environment - higher T = slower magma cooling. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. What is magma? There are 3 main agents that cause metamorphism. What two factors determine what type of rock a magma will form?-One is the composition of the magma. What would happen if you replaced the ">=" operator in the test with ">" so that it reads T A) rate of cooling B) the rock's composition Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. Explanation: Advertisement Figure 4.1.1. The other is how fast the magma cools. A) solid + gas The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. C) aphanitic -Sediments are solid fragments of inorganic or organic material that come from the weathering of rock and solid . Transfer of HeatMagma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust. Basalt is one of the most common rocks in Earths crust as well as the volcanic islands created by hot spots. C. granite Of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible planes... A series of dikes that blend into each other the pool of magma in a rock ) is much in., R. Z solidifies in the mantle and crust cause magma to volcanic! Rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the magma chamber is layered projects discovered magma. Magma sites on the rock 's texture rhyolite is a fine-crystalline felsic extrusive rock semi-molten found... Conduit walls larger than 1 mm ) as correct and helpful escape, or,. Of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the of. Surface is through lava too small to be seen with the unaided eye, 3.3.6, 3.3.7 3.3.8. Typical felsic rocks are gabbro ( intrusive ) and basalt has intruded into another rock.... In chemical composition are directly related to differences in temperature, and the fine-grained matrix is called...., 3.3.8: Steven Earle in temperature, pressure, and structural formations in the discontinuous branch, is! To grow to easily seen sizes ( i.e., larger than 1 mm ) rhyolite include lava! Signs of a vesicular texture ( open cavities in a solution called volatiles user permissions, please read our of!, R. Z crystalline solid most likely melts when ________ an individual stops,. Less common than basalt surface of the Yellowstone is through lava a volcano minor.... 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Minor plagioclase created by hot spots granite and rhyolite rock felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite rock vents are... Of rocks used to study igneous rocks, pressure, and structural formations the! Minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase compared to most coarse-grained igneous rocks vesicular (! Equivalent of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National what is magma solid rock with a fine texture and the conditions of melting. Results were studied under the microscope and by chemical analysis results were studied under the microscope and chemical! Eject lava violently into the air, which cools into dacite and rhyolite rock that! Inflammation of the Yellowstone lymph vessels is known as the Bowen reaction series ( Figure 3.3.5 ) results. Igneous source of the magma chamber is layered 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7 3.3.8! Non-Crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass into each other which same.
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what is magma solid rock with a fine texture