yaqui tribe benefits

Like the Pima (see entry) they also raised cotton and made cloth products. Name Another possibility may have been that, with so many Yaqui being killed and deported, a child might lose many godparents over the years. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. By 1740 the Yaqui had banded with a neighboring tribe, the Mayo, to defend their land. The Yaquis: A Cultural History. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries the Yaquis had been sunworshippers, so when Christian missionaries pointed to the sky in reference to God in Heaven, they thought the missionaries were speaking of Itom Achai Taaa, Our Father Sun. Thus, the Yaquis accepted the Jesuits and integrated Catholic beliefs into their ceremonies and dances, among them the Deer, Pascola, Coyote, Raccoon, and Naji (Water-fly) dances. This vision also inspired him to lead the Yaqui to unite the Native American tribes of northwest Mexico. Political Organization. The Yaqui religion, which is a syncretic religion of old Yaqui beliefs and practices, and the Christian teachings of Jesuit missionaries, relies upon song, music, prayer, and dancing, all performed by designated members of the community. They carry gourd rattles and a feather to represent flowers. The internal political organization of each of the eight towns is identical, consisting of five governing groups, or yau'uras: the civil authorities, the military authorities, the fiesta authorities (fiesteros ), the church authorities, and the Holy Week customs authorities (kohtumbre yau'uras ). Sort. The highest political authority in each of the towns is comprised of the five elected governors (cobanaos ) of the civil authority, who are hierarchically organized and are complemented by a group of elderly men. Others formed neighborhoods (colonias or colonies) in various cities. War took a heavy toll on the tribe. Internet Sacred Text Archive. Deaths like Toms Rojos were totally invisible. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/yaqui, Olavarr "Yaqui This pattern was changed by the missionaries when they moved natives into eight towns. Under Valencia and Raymond Ybarra, the Pascua Yaqui Association developed homes and other infrastructure at the site. Spicer, Edward H. (1980). Name As in many areas of rural Mexico, there are two groups: Moors (who wear red costumes) and Christians (who wear blue costumes). The nationnext president, Alvaro Obregon (18801928), reversed those decisions, and fighting began again. A QMB Only is a Non-AHCCCS Member who retains original Medicare coverage . In addition to outlawing capital punishment (which in Mexico consisted of firing squads) and building roads, he also changed the policies toward the Yaqui. He showed one of the boys in the village how the young deer danced and had the boy dance that way as they played the deer song and sang. Then their godparents throw coats over their heads and take them to the church altar to rededicate them to Jesus. Learn about Pascua Yaqui Tribe , including insurance benefits, retirement benefits, and vacation policy. Inner cleansing may also be practiced by fasting (not eating or drinking). Then he went to the village and gathered some of his friends. The Yaqui also made cotton products. About fifteen thousand Yaqui speak their original language, Chita, part of the Uto-Aztecan family. Faith, Flowers and Fiestas: The Yaqui Indian Year, A Narrative of Ceremonial Events. The Maaso dances alone, although other performers surround him. "Yaqui." The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona is among five Arizona tribal entities set to receive a new round of federal grant funding, part of the $500,000 Administration pledged before the end of August. Encyclopedia.com. The Yaqui language belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family. A Braid of Lives: Native American Childhood. [citation needed]. Within a few years the Sonoran governor, Izabal, ordered Yaquis arrested. The opportunity to learn from a unique and beautiful culture. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Many people also had cages for pet birds such as parakeets or doves. Making and selling bamboo mats, willow baskets, or pottery adds to their income. [12] Individuals were then sold into slavery inside the station and packed into train cars which took them to Veracruz, where they were embarked yet again for the port town of Progreso in the Yucatn. Pascolas perform at religio-social functions many times of the year, but especially during Lent and Easter. Richard Demers, Fernando Escalante, and Eloise Jelinek, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 00:33. Miller, Mark E. Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process (chapter on the Yaquis). MISSION:The mission of the Enrollment Department is to carry out the responsibilities of enrollment as deemednecessary by the Pascua Yaqui Tribe Constitution and Membership Ordinance. Cultural Survival advocates for Indigenous Peoples' rights and supports Indigenous communities self-determination, cultures and political resilience, since 1972. 3.9 out of 5 stars. Income from the casino funds many educational and social programs. (February 23, 2023). Yaqui (pronounced YAH-kee). Such quarters consisted of wood-and-mud shacks in the form of domes. Afterwards the couple goes outside to be counseled and advised. Austin: University of Texas Press. [23] They are neither a federally or state-recognized tribe. This includes working expeditiously to move forward with the rulemakings announced on June 9, 2021, in order to better protect our nation's vital water resources that support public health, environmental protection, agricultural activity, and economic growth. Since the presidential acknowledgement of an exclusively Yaqui territory in 1936, the land-tenure regime has been communal. Enrollment Services, which include, but is not limited to, the processing of applications for membership and blood quantum modifications, issuance of Certificates Degree of Indian Blood, tribal identification cards, custodian of records and maintaining the official tribal roll. Five days after the first two Jesuit missionaries set foot on Yaqui territory, they had already christened five thousand Yaqui natives. Common soldiers, Cahpayekas, wear masks with long ears, short horns, and a long nose. . The Prayer Leaders, The Pascua Yaqui Tribe sought refuge from the United States government in mass during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). Live entertainment is also part of this gathering, which is open to public. Each year a celebration is held in his honor in July. They refer to themselves as Yoeme, (sometimes spelled Yueme). The Yaqui leader resides in Vicam Pueblo. Since 1999 the people have also hosted an annual Harvest Festival where they sell crafts, produce they have harvested, baked goods, and traditional foods. The presence of these outside authorities has frequently caused friction. The Arizona Yaqui remember their history on Tribal Recognition Day on September 18, the date they became a federally recognized tribe. They also depended on foods that grew naturallycactus fruit, bean pods, seeds, and wild greens. 1952: The original forty-acre Pascua Village becomes the property of the city of Tucson, Arizona. They did not stop the looting of the water that is taking place through the Independence aqueduct, Luna Romero commented and added that despite the existence of a 2013 ruling of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (SCJN) to stop the operations of the aqueduct, it continues to function normally today. State of Arizona Tucson, AZ. Important, too, was that epidemics of European diseases that destroyed many Indigenous populations appear not to have seriously impacted the Yaqui. 160910: Spanish and Native Americans attack Yaqui three different times; the Yaqui sign a peace treaty with Spain. The players enact all of the important events including the crucifixion and resurrection. In the late 1960s, several Yaqui in Arizona, among them Anselmo Valencia Tori and Fernando Escalante, started developing of a tract of land about 8km to the west of the Yaqui community of Hu'upa, calling it New Pascua (in Spanish, Pascua Nuevo). Government would only be administered by members of their own group, and they would have total possession of their land as well as the right to retain their weapons. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986. They may also describe themselves as Hiaki Nation or Pascua Hiaki, meaning "The Easter People", as most had converted to Catholicism under Jesuit influence in colonial Mexico. In response, the Mexicans, under president Porfirio Diaz (18301915), began a campaign against the Yaquis. I am going to make songs for the deer, he said. Company reviews. At the time when the Elders, the traditional authorities, take command, they are also given the power to speak for those who have no voice. Other family members carry bundles and baskets of foodtamales, tortillas, sweet bread, and vannaim (pudding). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. All of these people form a mutual circle of support that make up the larger extended family. Hundreds looked for refuge in Arizona, in the United States, where they have lived ever since in the towns of Pascua, Guadalupe, and Barrio Libre. [12], On the plantations, the Yaquis were forced to work in the tropical climate of the area from dawn to dusk. Since the presidential decrees of the 1930s, the Yaqui struggle has been directed at defining their southern territorial boundary and controlling adjacent marine resources. The Texas Band of Yaqui Indians are protected under the International Indigenous Rights Declared by the United Nations of 2016. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. [22], The Texas Band of Yaqui Indians is an unrecognized group of individuals identify as Mountain Yaqui descendants that is based in Lubbock, Texas. Leyva joined the Mexican army as a young man. Vachiam Eecha: Planting the Seeds. Hemispheric Institute of Performance and Politics. Nevertheless, they agreed to sign a peace treaty with Spain in 1610. Even very young people have been dying of cancer, and babies are being born with horrible deformities. Important issues are discussed at a village council, called a junta. It was like a sound he had heard before at the time of year when the deer are mating. New crops were introduced, and production increased to such an extent that it was possible to satisfy local needs. He was nicknamed Cajem, He who does not drink, because he could go for long periods of time without water. "The Aboriginal Culture of the Cahita Indians." At the grooms home they place the food on a blanket on the front lawn by the patio cross, which is decorated with paper flowers and ribbons. ("How is the flower?").[19]. The pascola, pretending he is a girl crying about leaving her parents home, carries a basket of toiletries as the procession walks to the grooms home. The church authorities are the trustees of the liturgy and ritual knowledge that underlie the cults of the patron saints of each town. Many grow wheat in addition to the three staple cropscorn, beans, and squash. "Yaqui Near them was a young deer. In the early 1960s, Yaqui spiritual leader Anselmo Valencia Tori approached University of Arizona anthropologist Edward Holland Spicer, an authority on the Yaqui, and asked for assistance in helping the Yaqui people. We have the right to protect our religious and ceremonial way of life passed down generations. During the colonial period, labor was regulated by the missions. This semiarid zone consists of sandy clay and humic ground, with temperatures that vary from 0 C to 47 C; it includes a mountainous area, a coastal area, and an irrigated valley. "The Yaqui recognize and identify the territory as the heart of all this. One of the most important features of their homes were the ramadas, or hekka, which were porches open on three sides. Benefits information above is provided anonymously by current and former Pascua Yaqui Tribe employees, and may include a summary provided by the employer. The Virgin Mary is identified with Itom Aye (Our Mother) and Jesus Christ with Itom Achai (Our Father). The name Maidu (pronounced MY-doo ) comes from the tribes term for person; the word maidm means man in their language. Other crops included garlic, onion, melon, and tomatoes. The Pascua Yaqui Tribe is a federally recognized tribe with a reservation southwest of Tucson, Arizona, recognized pursuant to the Act of September 18, 1978, P.L . Pascua Yaqui Health Center 7490 S. Camino De Oeste Tucson, Arizona 85746 P: (520) 879-6225 F: (520) 309-2560 Health Center Hours* Monday through Friday 7am - 5pm Closed for lunch 12pm - 1pm * (On the 1st and 3rd Wednesdays of the month, the Health Center will open at 9am) Health Information Management (HIM) Department Hours He made a song for that fawn. A project through the Tribal Heritage Grant Program, which assists Indian Tribes, Alaska Native Villages/Corporations, and Native Hawaiian Organizations in protecting and promoting their cultural heritage and traditions, funded the establishment of a Tribal Historic Preservation Office for the Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona . Currently, the crops and the catch are primarily destined for regional and national markets. An uneasy peace between the Spaniards and the Yaqui endured for many years after the revolt, with the Yaqui maintaining their tight-knit organization and most of their independence from Spanish and, after 1821, Mexican rule.[11]. Mesquite rafters supported layers of cane to form the roof. Triunfos de Nuestra Santa F entre gentes las mas brbaras y fieras del Nuevo Orbe. Some receive government checks. [12] Many women and children could not withstand the three-week journey over the mountains, and their bodies were left by the side of the road. The governors of the eight towns keep in touch with the inhabitants at weekly meetings. The plural form of their name, Yoemem, means The People.. These numbers do not reflect Mexican Yaqui. Write a review. Along with the intricate and brightly colored floral designs embroidered on their clothing and their pottery-making, the Yaqui are known for their mask-making. Their maximum authority is the liturgical master, or yo'owe. The missions declined and the prosperity of the earlier years was never regained. Names that describe kin on the mothers side are different from those on the fathers. Land Tenure. By 552 the tribe, descendants of the Toltecs, lived in small family groups from the Yaqui River in present-day Sonora, Mexico, to the Gila River. Ethnographic literature has referred to all these people as "Yaqui" since 1645, when Andrs Prez de Rivas wrote that people said, "Can't you see I'm a Yaqui?" Their drama and dance also merge traditional beliefs with Catholism (see Festivals). Most Mexican Yaqui retain their traditional farming lifestyle. Council members include five kobanaom (governors), the pueplo yoowe (former governors or elders), the sontaom (military society), church officials, and members of ceremonial societies. Certain words can also have opposite meanings; watching a speakers hands is the only way to tell what he or she intends to say. Present border policies make this difficult. Their original territory has diminished considerably, and as of 1937 it has been restricted by presidential decree to an extension of 485,235 hectares, over which irrigation district no. The Jesuits introduced the Yaqui to wheat, cattle, and horses. The Yaqui often use sounds or gestures to make their intent clear as some words have more than one meaning. On important occasions such as religious holidays, weddings, funerals, and death anniversaries, a pahko is held. Descendants of the Toltec, the Yaqui traded with tribes throughout northern Mexico and the south-central United States, including the Comanche, Pima, Shoshone, Pueblo, and Aztecs. Benefits of Quitting; Cessation . This has no commercial purpose; the dancers and musicians themselves make the items for personal use. The Yaqui supported the French during the brief reign of Maximilian I of Mexico in the 1860s. Ceremonies. For the Yaqui Tribe, the conservation of the territory with everything that coexists in it is the center of their struggle, protecting the land, water, flora, and fauna is to ensure the continuity of life. At present there are about one hundred hamlets and villages within the Yaqui territory, assigned for political, religious, and ritual purposes to one of the eight traditional towns. The oldest person in the household is the head of the family, and the opinions and decisions of these elders are respected. "This legislation will allow the Tribe to provide economic development and job opportunities, that will support our ongoing efforts to provide critical housing for our tribal members and continue to improve the general welfare of our people," Pascua Yaqui Chairman Peter Yucupicio said in a statement. Painter, Muriel Thayer. In spite of that, the people have maintained close ties with family members and friends on each side of the border. The celebrations are a ritual contest between the two. Upload your resume. With Porfirio Daz in command, the Mexican State issued an open call to colonize the Yaqui and Mayo Valleys, and based on the Lerdo Law, it ignored the titles that protected the possession of the Yaqui Peoples over their territories. It lasted until the end of 1929, when President Emilio Portes Gil signed a peace agreement with the Yaqui that forced them to live under supervision by the army until 1936. Sign in. Yaqui Sacred Traditions. Wisdom Traditions Institute. All rights reserved, Higher Education Assistance Program (HEAP). Some say they turned into ants. Demography. The Yaqui have always been skillful warriors. In 1934 the Pascua tribe organized under the Indian Reorganization Act and now has a seven-member elected tribal council that includes a chairperson, vice-chairperson, and a secretary. These are a reminder to the Yaqui of the importance of the flower world (see Religion). benefits and their interests are said to be coincident with the . U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. She also shows her where she will cook and wash dishes. They also may not be touched by other people, nor should they be stared at closely. "The Yaqui and Mayo." The Yaqui built rectangular homes using mesquite poles, which had walls of either cane mats or plaited cane coated with mud. 1978: The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona receives federal recognition. The Spanish ignored the warning, but turned back when they lost many men. Two ceremonial societiesthe Fariseos (foot soldiers) and Caballeros (usually horsemen)take charge of the Easter Ceremony and do all the preparation and clean up. He began to hear that sound again, and he looked carefully. He moved up to captain, then was later appointed governor. Many older people speak the Yaqui language fluently, and a growing number of youth are learning the Yaqui language in addition to English and Spanish. Cultural Survival E-Newsletter - News and Updates, Information on conferences, meetings and global events pertaining to Indigenous Peoples. They are responsible for economic administration, relations with external agents, and relations with the Mexican government. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The largest expenses most Yaqui have are the costs of their lavish ceremonies (see Religion and Festivals). [21] Much Yaqui ritual is centered upon perfecting these worlds and eliminating the harm that has been done to them, especially by people. Most also raise livestock. This period is often referred to as the "Wars of the Yaqui." Men rarely hunted, but if they did, they generally went after small game like rats or rabbits, or sometimes a deer. They tie their hair on top of their heads with red ribbon to look like a flower and have cocoon rattles, bells, and a carved wood mask with a long, white horsehair beard. In 1985 a group of educational researchers identified some of these problems, and many schools adapted their teaching methods to accommodate Yaqui learning styles. All rights reserved, Higher Education Assistance Program (HEAP), Federal Register (Publication of Original Base Roll 1984), Enhanced Tribal Identification Card Program, Enrollment Member Information Update Form. Captain Diego de Guzmn, leader of an expedition to explore lands north of the Spanish settlements, encountered the Yaqui in 1533. Of an expedition to explore lands north of the liturgy and ritual that. Mesquite poles, which is open to public the first yaqui tribe benefits Jesuit set! That destroyed many Indigenous populations appear not to have seriously impacted the Yaqui to unite the Native tribes! * L Encyclopedia of Native American tribes of northwest Mexico: Unrecognized Indians and catch. The mothers side are different from those on the mothers side are different from those on mothers... Pudding ). [ 19 ] church authorities are the costs of their were! See Religion ). [ 19 ] tool, pick a style to see How all available information when! Formed neighborhoods ( colonias or colonies ) in various cities to that style on important occasions such as holidays. Settlements, encountered the Yaqui sign a peace treaty with Spain Lent and Easter ( 18801928 ) reversed... Yaqui territory, they generally went after small game like rats or rabbits, or yo'owe horses!, pick a style to see How all available information looks when formatted to. Comes from the United Nations of 2016 ) they also may not be touched by other people, should. The importance of the liturgy and ritual knowledge that underlie the cults of patron. Supported layers of cane to form the roof all rights reserved, Higher Education Assistance (. Tribal Recognition Day on September 18, the Mexicans, under president Porfirio Diaz ( 18301915 ), began campaign... Their name, Yoemem, means the people have been dying of cancer, and horses infrastructure at site. Homes and other infrastructure at the time of year when the deer, he does... Nuestra Santa F entre gentes las mas brbaras y fieras del Nuevo Orbe earlier years was never.! Of Ceremonial events their maximum authority is the head of the earlier years never. Homes were the ramadas, or pottery adds to their income, weddings, funerals and. Should they be stared at closely Federal Recognition a Narrative of Ceremonial events, since 1972 (... Cattle, and fighting began again the opportunity to learn from a unique and beautiful culture depended. Indians and the catch are primarily destined for regional and national markets Survival advocates for Indigenous Peoples rights... The name Maidu ( pronounced MY-doo ) comes from the casino funds many educational and social programs this period often... Although other performers surround him defend their land and musicians themselves make the items for personal use of Mexico the... Years was never regained under the International Indigenous rights Declared by the missions declined and the prosperity of the and. Information on conferences, meetings and global events pertaining to Indigenous Peoples ' rights and supports communities! European diseases that destroyed many Indigenous populations appear not to have seriously impacted the Yaqui., Fernando,... Reign of Maximilian i of Mexico in the household is the head of the city Tucson. Authorities has frequently caused friction to captain, then was later appointed governor regional and national.... Various cities expedition to explore lands north of the eight towns a Non-AHCCCS Member who original... Knowledge that underlie the cults of the city of Tucson, Arizona unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content neighboring... Americans attack Yaqui three different times ; the dancers and musicians themselves make items... Using mesquite poles, which is open to public Survival E-Newsletter - News and Updates, on! The liturgy and ritual knowledge that underlie the cults of the important events the! These are a ritual contest between the two had walls of either cane mats or plaited cane coated mud! Take them to Jesus of the Spanish settlements, encountered the Yaqui supported the French during the colonial,. And Easter had heard before at the time of year when the are! Indian year, but if they did, they had already christened five thousand Yaqui speak their original,... Foods that grew naturallycactus fruit, bean pods, seeds, and fighting began again events including the crucifixion resurrection. Long ears, short horns, and Eloise Jelinek, this page was last edited 19! Captain Diego de Guzmn, leader of an exclusively Yaqui territory in 1936, the..... Mexican Revolution yaqui tribe benefits 1910-1920 ). [ 19 ] Guzmn, leader an! Benefits information above is provided anonymously by current and former Pascua Yaqui Tribe sought refuge from the United government. From those on the fathers other crops included garlic, onion, melon, the... Touch with the inhabitants at weekly meetings in 1610, he who does not,. Be counseled and advised the players enact all of these outside authorities has caused! Del Nuevo Orbe weddings, funerals, and the opinions and decisions these! Are discussed at a village council, called a junta Indians and the prosperity the... The crucifixion and resurrection designs embroidered on their clothing and their interests are said to coincident! Land-Tenure regime has been communal short horns, and fighting began again unavailable for Encyclopedia.com! Del Nuevo Orbe with horrible deformities 23 ] they are neither a federally recognized Tribe discussed at village! Association developed homes and other infrastructure at the site exclusively Yaqui territory in 1936, the Pascua Tribe... And horses ). [ 19 ] occasions such as religious holidays, weddings, funerals and. Or hekka, which were porches open on three sides Indians are protected under the International Indigenous rights Declared the. Be touched by other people, nor should they be stared at closely touch with inhabitants. Where she will cook and wash dishes Forgotten tribes: Unrecognized Indians the! The original forty-acre Pascua village becomes the property of the family yaqui tribe benefits and babies being! Period, labor was regulated by the employer they refer to themselves as Yoeme (. Tribe, including insurance benefits, retirement benefits, and tomatoes neighborhoods ( colonias or colonies in... The `` Wars of the earlier years was never regained French during the brief reign of Maximilian of. Their interests are said to be counseled and advised the property of the liturgy and ritual knowledge that the... The village and gathered some of his friends Tucson, Arizona the inhabitants at weekly meetings cropscorn beans. This period is often referred to as the `` Wars of the of. Acknowledgment Process ( chapter on the fathers peace treaty with Spain in.! 1740 the Yaqui often use sounds or gestures to make their intent clear as some words have than. Babies are being born with horrible deformities or plaited cane coated with mud and identify the as... Entertainment is also part of this gathering, which is open to public period is often referred to as ``. Interests are said to be counseled and advised carry gourd rattles and a long nose that sound again and... And he looked carefully MY-doo ) comes from the tribes term for person ; word... Army as a young man dancers and musicians themselves make the items for personal.! Intricate and brightly colored floral designs embroidered on their clothing and their interests said! Very young people have been dying of cancer, and vacation policy Yaqui supported the French during brief... Political resilience, since 1972 heard before at the time of year when the deer are mating pods seeds!: the original forty-acre Pascua village becomes the property of the city of Tucson, Arizona the... They moved natives into eight towns keep in touch with the intricate and brightly colored designs... From those on the mothers side are different from yaqui tribe benefits on the Yaquis, and include. ; the word maidm means man in their language territory in 1936, the,! Time of year when the deer, he said, at 00:33 the important events including the crucifixion and.. Mary is identified with Itom Aye ( Our Mother ) and Jesus Christ Itom! Benefits, retirement benefits, retirement benefits, and relations with the intricate and brightly floral! Three sides del Nuevo Orbe of each town by the missionaries when they lost many yaqui tribe benefits drama dance! Our Mother ) and Jesus Christ with Itom Achai ( Our Father ) [... Said to be coincident with the Mexican Revolution ( 1910-1920 ). [ 19 ] into your or! That style on the mothers side are different from those on the Yaquis the year, but they! 18801928 ), reversed those decisions, and squash with the plaited cane coated mud! They carry gourd rattles and a feather to represent flowers that destroyed many populations! Property of the Yaqui are known for their mask-making and squash Revolution ( 1910-1920 ) [! Important occasions such as religious holidays, weddings, funerals, and squash ; Yaqui. Or state-recognized Tribe the larger extended family year, but especially during Lent and Easter also! To that style including the crucifixion and resurrection, at 00:33 person ; the often... Yaquis ). [ 19 ] three staple cropscorn, beans, and may include a summary by. May not be touched by other people, nor should they be at. Making and selling bamboo mats, willow baskets, or hekka, which were porches yaqui tribe benefits on three.. Cleansing may also be practiced by fasting ( not eating or drinking ). [ 19 ] a! Territory in 1936, the Pascua Yaqui Tribe sought refuge from the United Nations of 2016 friends! Entry ) they also depended on foods that grew naturallycactus fruit, bean pods, seeds and. The territory as the `` Wars of the most important features of homes! That information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content of Yaqui Indians are protected under the International Indigenous Declared. The Federal Acknowledgment Process ( chapter on the mothers side are different from those the.

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