largest immigrant groups by state

According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. Country. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. Most of these children are native-born themselves. Vietnamese Americans are the largest Asian origin group by population in four states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Nebraska); Hmong Americans are the largest in Minnesota and Wisconsin; and Korean Americans are the largest in Alabama. non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Muslims report the greatest degree of religious discrimination by far (39 percent), followed by Hindus (18 percent), Christians (15 percent), and believers of other faiths (9 percent). This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. 30 For an overview of the debate over caste categories in Islam in South Asia, see Julien Levesque, Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan: From Colonial Ethnography to Pasmanda Mobilization, Institut Francais de Pondichery and Centre de Sciences Humaines, June 1, 2020, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document. Not all lawful permanent residents choose to pursue U.S. citizenship. How then do we make sense of the heterogeneity encapsulated by the more than 4 million people of Indian origin in the United States, a group that is the second-fastest-growing immigrant community in the country? 27 There is significant variation in the frequency of prayer based on respondents age. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. These findings raise two questions worthy of further exploration: Why does political polarization among Indian Americans differ from that characterizing Americans at large? Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? The 1965 Immigration Act allowed large numbers of Koreans to immigrate to the United States, a pattern which has continued to present day. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. 1 (2015): 51104. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Twenty-one percent report posting comments about political issues online. Conversely, second-generation Indian Americans born in the United States are more likely to embrace the terms South Asian American, Asian American, and the nonhyphenated American. On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. Christians are the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. Fifty-one percent of Democrats say they are somewhat comfortable with Republican friends and 22 percent say they are not comfortable (more than twice the number of Republicans who felt that way about Democrats). 3 Immigration Commission, U.S. Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission 349 (1911) cited in Sherally Munshi, Immigration, Imperialism, and the Legacies of Indian Exclusion, Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 28, no. Foreign-born population by . The western state of Gujarat emerges as the most common home state, with 14 percent of respondents calling it their home, followed by Maharashtra (12 percent), Andhra Pradesh (10 percent), and Tamil Nadu (9 percent). Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. These sentiments are a far cry from those expressed by a special commission established by the U.S. Congress whose 1911 report declared that Hindus were universally regarded as the least desirable race of immigrants thus far admitted to the United States.3 More than a century laterfrom Silicon Valley CEOs to White House power brokers and influential members of Congress to leaders in fields like journalism, health, science, and engineeringthe emergence of the Indian diaspora is a remarkable coming-of-age story. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program and the host of the Grand Tamasha podcast at Carnegie, where he focuses on India's political economy, governance, state capacity, distributive politics, and electoral behavior. Each year, more than 1 million immigrants enter the country. The differences are most pronounced among those who say being Indian is very important to them. The major findings are briefly summarized below. Nationally, 38 percent (7 million) of children of immigrants in 2017 had a primary parent a from Mexico, 19 percent (3.5 million) from the rest of Central America and South America, and 43 percent (8 million) from other parts of the world. The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. The first, released in October 2020, explored the political attitudes and preferences of Indian Americans in advance of the November 2020 U.S. presidential election.12 The second, published in February 2021, explored how Indian Americans view changes underway in Indian politics.13, Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States.14. The US Census Bureau's American Community Survey asks millions of people every year detailed questions about their social, economic, and demographic situations. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. Finally, Christians are more likely to self-identify as American without any hyphenation (9 percent versus 6 percent for Muslim and 4 percent for Hindus). Other regions contributing smaller percentages of immigrants included the Middle East and North Africa (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (5%), South America (7%), Central America (8%), the Caribbean (10%), and as well as Europe, Canada and other North America (13%). Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. . Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. Respondents were allowed to skip questions save for important demographic questions that determined the nature of other survey items. Motivated by their emotional ties to India, as well as their rights and responsibilities as American citizens, Indian Americans have pushed the U.S. government to mount a large-scale humanitarian response.54. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. We would also like to acknowledge Amy Mellon for contributing her considerable graphic design talents. Nearly half (45%) of the nations immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity and how much emphasis do they place on their Indian-ness? He is the author of When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics and hosts a weekly Carnegie podcast on Indian politics and policy, Grand Tamasha. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). This report examines the Hispanic population of the United States by its 10 largest origin groups. In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). The states with the largest immigrant populations are California, New York, Florida, and Texas. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Twenty-nine percent of respondents report that most or all of their friends are from the same region of India. The October 2020 IAAS study found that Indian Americans who identify as Democrats rate the Republican Party and former president Donald Trump very unfavorably.44 Republicans, for their part, view the Democrats, current President Joe Biden, and Vice President Kamala Harris in equally unfavorable terms. In 2017, the Trump administration deported 295,000 immigrants, the lowest total since 2006. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. In eight states, Canadian immigrants made up the second-largest group, and in four states, the second-most common country of origin was the Philippines. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. The percentage of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to state. The results are displayed in figure 11. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. 22 There is no one-to-one correspondence between Hindi and an Indian state of origin since the language is spoken across a broad swath of states, especially but not exclusively in north and central India. Among these groups, the Irish were by far the largest. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. Bookmark Quiz But religion only narrowly edges out the role of Indias political leadership (56 percent) for the top spot, and political parties (47 percent) are not far behind. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. The IAAS survey first asks respondents if they think discrimination against people of Indian origin is a major problem. In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. Using data from the US Census Bureau, we found the country that was the most common birthplace for foreign-born residents in each state (excluding Mexico, which was the most common country of birth for immigrants in 32 states). Seventy-three percent of respondents believe that Asian Americans who are not of Indian origin face more discrimination than Indian Americans. Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28%, FBI Accused of Covering Up Buried Treasure. On the other hand, Muslims are much more likely to self-identify as South Asian (27 percent compared to 7 percent of Christians and 5 percent of Hindus). Second, the survey asks respondents about their own lived experience with discrimination. The surveys findings are notable in this regard because previous research on polarization among the American general public has generally found that Republicans, not Democrats, possess greater antipathy toward members of the other party.45. As one might expect, both Hindus and Muslims are overwhelmingly comfortable having close friends who share their faith: 97 percent of Hindu respondents report being very or somewhat comfortable having close Hindu friends, and 96 percent of Muslims report the same. In order to discern the region of origin of IAAS respondents, the survey asks whether they identify one or more state(s) of India as their home state(s). All the analyses in this study employ sampling weights to ensure representativeness.15. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. The actual change is expected to come in 2055, when Asians will become the largest immigrant group at 36 percent, compared with Hispanics at 34 percent. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. 19 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, table 2.2 and figure 2.4. 37 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Integration of Immigrants into American Society (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2015). Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. These data suggest that the vast majority of the Indian immigrant population in the United States were already highly educated prior to arriving in the country. This section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans. In the 1820s, nearly 60,000 Irish immigrated to the United States. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. 23 Americas Changing Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). Just 24 percent of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years identify as Indian American, compared to 41 percent of those who have been here for eleven to twenty-five years and 53 percent of those who have been here for more than twenty-five years. As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . . Hindus who recently arrived in the United States are just as likely to identify with a caste group as those who have been here for a quarter-century or more.31. What do the social networks of Indian Americans look like? Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . Much larger shares believe that other minority groups face greater discrimination than Indian Americans, including Latino Americans (90 percent), LGBTQ Americans (89 percent), African Americans (86 percent), and women (86 percent). Comments. But how Indian Americans choose to deploy this influence remains an open question. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more about their social, economic, and demographic circumstances. Religious affiliation too correlates with ones feelings toward their Indian identity. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. One of the questions asks respondents what their country of birth is. Overall, one-third of respondents report membership in an Indian American organization. 75% of Minnesotas foreign-born residents are working, up from 70% a decade ago. In 2018, the percentage of women giving birth in the past year was higher among immigrants (7.5%) than among the U.S. born (5.7%). 46 Given how polarized views of Modi are and the fact that he has become synonymous with the BJP, it is possible thatmuch like Trump and the American contextthe asymmetry in social distance could be a product of the BJPs current leadership. From the 1820s to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of immigrants to the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany. 34 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 2022. 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