advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals

Examples of direct male competition include: Male-male aggression in Mallard ducks. With many animals, the male leaves the female soon after According to genetic studies, it is only relatively recently, about 10,000 years ago, that monogamy began to prevail over polygamy in human populations. If only the husband that is working in the household, they would not survive with the state of the economy nowadays. As a result, many women who are still in training are unable to finish it as it is interrupted by awedding. Many view Polygamy as a sexual desire and satisfaction to be with more than just one man or woman, but for many cultural reasons, man and woman may have more than one wife or husband. 4. Marriage is a social institution that is practiced globally. 4) Fourthly, it may strengthen economic status of the family. Their behavior is not predictable and its often hard to explain on whether they are loyal to one, or they live to mate with several others. Some religious groups practice it, and make it an acceptable choice of lifestyle, while others go against it saying it is morally wrong and ethically. There is the problem of a wider age difference between the partners. Davies, N. B., Krebs, J. R., & West, S. A. Other articles where polygamy is discussed: animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving sex: Although polygamy also involves mating with multiple partners, it often refers to cases in which individuals form relatively stable associations with two or more mates. Well, thats true, all of those lionesses are partners to only one male. Pipefishes, a relative of seahorses exhibit polyandry where females compete for access to males. The practice of sharing a husband may, in some circumstances, lead to greater health and wealth for women and their children, new research . True monogamy, also called sexual monogamy, is where both partners mate only with each other; true monogamy is exceedingly rare. Females that enter the territory are drawn to its resource richness, which may signal that he has good genes for protecting a territory. By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7344145, Like many bird species, hummingbirds provide food to their hatchling until the young birds are ready to leave the nest. The below-mentioned advantages and disadvantages of having a pet will help you understand if you are ready to rise to the occasion of being a pet parent. Traditionally marriages are known to occur between one man and one woman. In class well spend some time considering the relationships between mating system, when competition occurs, and the resulting effects on an individuals behavior and/or appearance. 4. The payment is intended to compensate the brides family for the fact that their household is nowone less helping hand available. A man who has a relationship with several women at the same time satisfies many of his sexual needs and fantasies in this way. Reduce risk on human lives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 10921-1092. and Hotzy, C. & Arnqvist, G. 2009. Much more common is social monogamy, where two individuals partner together to rear their offspring, but also engage in extra-pair copulations, or matings with other individual (in human social parlance, we would call this infidelity). [16] Female Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) mate with the winners of battles for the harem because the male has shown that he is stronger than another, potentially offering more protection from predators. Can expand your gene pool. But what happens when that person takes more than one spouse? The offspring within a polygamy also struggle with the effects of polygamy; while they may enjoy the undivided attention of their mothers, the father cannot do justice to every child equally. 1. Cons could include jealousy and lack of attention among, Polygamy is the custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time. Cons include jealousy and it could lead to abuse.Pros of Polyandry include financial stability and more support. polygyny, marriage in which two or more women share a husband. Promiscuity generally occurs when a single male is unable to sexually monopolize a group of females, either because the females range more widely than the territory size of a single male, so they interact with multiple males (eg, the maximum territory size a male can defend is smaller than the females ranges), or because males and females live together in large social groups that a single male cannot monopolize. This video provides a great overview of sperm competition, but be aware that it erroneously refers to bonobos as having a polygymous mating system (they are promiscuous) and gorillas as being monogamous (they are polygynous): Three general mating systems, all involving innate and evolutionarily selected (as opposed to learned) behaviors, are seen in animal populations: monogamous,polygamous, andpromiscuous. animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving sex. The other disadvantage of polygamy is that it will lead to extra marital affairs in the marriage which is quite dangerous. Harem mating structures are a type of polygynous system where certain males dominate mating while controlling a territory with resources. Except in the case of sexual (true) monogamy, there isalwayscompetition for fertilization. Fertilized eggs are retained inside the females body, but the embryo receives nourishment from the eggs yolk and the young are fully developed when they are hatched. Theres always fishy business in the oceans. (2009). But a male can mate with practically unlimited numbers of females with little loss of energy or resources, regardless of how successful those offspring may be. In polygamy, the husband dominates or rules over his wives and children. One common resolution amongst bonobos is that they would rather have sexual interactions or to mate rather than to fight. They believe in having many women and children because to them it is the only way to get to the highest degree of glory for them. Despite not having studied medicine, our ancestors knew that sexually transmitted diseases corresponded to an infection that spread quickly. Promiscuousmating systems occur when females mate with multiple males, and males mate with multiple females. Additionally, a greater song repertoire is correlated with an increase in harem size and increased male fitness because females prefer to mate with males that have a more extensive song repertoire. The scattered population means that it is can be difficult to find a mating partner. Updates? 2. Not only by shouting out loud, but it would also whistle or clack its teeth. (2012). Depending on gender, a distinction can also be made between polygyny, i.e. 6. Hence polygamy happens amongst animals. The vast majority of songbirds demonstrate social monogamy, where up to 40% of the offspring in a mating pairs nest were not actually fathered by the male partner. From the point of view of evolutionary biology, having multiple partners also means greater chances of successful reproduction. Due to the fact that one male sires all of the offspring there is less genetic diversity in the community, which is disadvantageous to females. The risk of abuse, rejection, and homicide of infants is also greater. Cauliflower coral broadcast spawning. For some males, polygamy actually offers profound advantages. Because themales pouches, rather than the females eggs, are the limiting resource in reproduction, females compete with each other for access to males. For humans, the optimal evolutionary strategy is monogamy when necessary, polygamy when possible. Advantages of having a pet. An example of species that exhibit male-male aggression under polygynous system is Allobates femoralis. The families usually live very private lives and they do not interact with a lot of the rest of America due to anti-bigamy society we live in. Jealously between partners. [12] A polygynous leader male will always be the best mating choice before he is beaten by another male, so it is harder for females to find a partner better than their mate in polygyny as compared to monogamy. An individual who has, for example, 10 surviving offspring (who then go on to reproduce as well) has higher fitness than an individual who has 7 offspring surviving offspring. Prosecutors in the U.S. have found it notoriously difficult to police polygamous marriage. Disadvantages of wild animals: The main problem that comes to people for keeping domestic wild animals is their safety. 6. In many instances, the embryo is isolated within the female, which limits predation on the young. It is known to also be the most active amongst any other primates. They would do heterosexuals to even homosexual so there are no boundaries for bonobos, to know better understanding about homosexual and bisexual between animals, read it on another article. Well, its quite different for a walrus. Following are the advantages of polygyny: (1) Polygyny checks sexual immorality because the husband gets adequate satisfaction of his sexual urge in the company of number of wives. They will help you stay fit - Mostly all breeds of dogs need daily or regular walks to stay healthy and happy and so do we! 1. However, if the bigamous threshold is higher than the second female's original resource threshold, the female will enter into a polygynous mating system, since she would still benefit from acquiring more resources. 2023 Animal Lova | Parental investment can include all types of parental care, as well as energy resources deposited in the egg or other nutrition provided to the developing embryo. 4. If the female is not able to survive on their own, they are forced to rely on the male animal of that species. For instance, it ensures that their offspring inherit quality genes. Reproduction without sex (Asexual Reproduction), Sexual Dimorphism and Selection Selection, Genetically Modified (Transgenic) Organisms, Immunization and Allergies, or How the immune system can help or hurt us. While it may have been acceptable in certain societies in the past, today, it is generally considered to have . Prairie vole. Males provide resources to their harem, such as nest protection and varying levels of parental care. Excuse or not, those involved end up cheating on their partner. In this situation, the female has the option of breeding with an unmated male in a poor-quality territory or with an already-mated male in a high-quality territory. In this audio lesson, the pros and cons of polygamy are discussed.https://enviro. As in all other aspects of reproductive behaviour, the type of mating system that is employed by a species is the. Nest sites were not limiting the local population density, and swallows tended to aggregate actively at specific sites. What is evolution and why do biologists think its important? When females continually move and are not spatially stable, males pursue a mate defense strategy. Children of divorced parents have less success and happiness creating less productive citizens in our nation. Only a handful of mammal species, including most human societies, are socially monogamous. The discrepancy is exacerbated by the bride price to be paid, which is a defining characteristic of polygenic unions. The other type of polygamy is called apolyandry (many males), where one female mates with multiple males. Animal rights put a stop on such research, risking the lives of humans in the process. Women will be punished if they do not obey what their husband has them do. Although this species is polygamous, it is the female that is more dominant in this species. With sister wives, they do not need to go elsewhere, and the support group is virtually their own family members. In some species, including some fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other invertebrates, there are environmental (water temperature, length of daylight) or biological (pheromones) cues that cause males and females to release gametes at the same time. What are the advantages and disadvantages of monogamy? Could you imagine living in a world where it is acceptable for a man to marry more than one woman and be open about it? Although the prerequisite for an official polygamy is theequal treatment of every woman by the man, this scenario turns out to be unrealistic in reality. Polygyny (/pldni/; from Neo-Greek , from - poly-, "many", and gyne, "woman" or "wife")[1] is a mating system in which one male lives and mates with multiple females but each female only mates with a single male. In other words, if a female mates with more than one male, then any male whose sperm end up fertilizing more eggs is going to have more offspring, on average, than other males.. Polygamy is the case in which a man or a woman has multiple spouses. Limited Attention from Spouse/Parent. Some polygamist groups are so huge that many of them are well known across the. While there are many non-mutually exclusive hypotheses to explain selection for monogamous mating systems, one prominent explanation is themale-assistance hypothesis, where males that remain with a female to help guard and rear their young will have more and healthier offspring. Stalk-eyed flies have eyes at the end of long stalks, and they compete for mates by measuring the distance between their eyes. The scattered population means that it is can be difficult to find a mating partner. 3. Polygyny in animals. It is also important to note, these days of hard economic conditions most men do find very hard to marry even one wife. It is up to the person what he or she thinks. This means that the male bottlenose dolphins would mate with other male bottlenose dolphins. That someone who will help raise a family and instill great values in their children. (2) It brings economic stability in the family, because both husband and his wives and children earn something for the family. The advantages of polygamy include; availability of free labor from the children in farms, it is a source of pride and parents get to have their younger children when they are old. At the same time avert the inclination of cheating towards the. The polygyny threshold model can be applied to more than two females, provided there are enough resources to support them. 1. Then, when animals were harnessed to the plow and urban civilizations were born . It won't matter if the male primate already has a partner because they all need protection. It wont matter if the male primate already has a partner because they all need protection. Unlike other animal playboys, this African blue-headed lizard has to fight and joust for its mate. When females are spatially stable in and around a resource, males pursue a resource defense strategy and polygyny occurs when the females are clumped and the offspring require little to no parental care (e.g. Benefits include the (relative) certainty of access to the partner's reproductive potential, but the chief disadvantage is that access to other potential partners is strongly diminished, particularly in those cases where males exhibit strong mate-guarding behavior. The offspring develops in the female and is born alive. The male-assistance hypothesis is supported by the observation that many monogamous species live in environments with widely scattered resources, meaning that it takes the effort of more than one adult to forage for enough resources to rear the young. Polygamy is not a rare case in Malaysia. Another surprising fact about this animal is that even the parents can mate with their offsprings. While these disadvantages are serious, such occurrences are rare. The Ecology and Evolution of Mating Systems. The uncertainty of not knowing whos the daddy selects for males to avoid infanticide, as they may inadvertently kill their own offspring. Polygamy is classified into two categories, polygyny, and polyandry. Referenced in Rnn, J., Katvala, M. & Arnqvist, G. 2007. Its not all just competition between males; females choose which males to mate with based on observing the male competition. Since divorce requires repayment of the usually immense bride price, many women are forced to persist in abusive marriages due to financial hardship. For example, in the yellow-rumped honeyguide (a bird) males defend beehives because the females feed on beewax. As a result, in a number of cultures monogamy is the predominant mating system; however, most cultures (about 85 %) are polygamic. Promiscuity generally occurs when a single male is unable to sexually monopolize a group of females, either because the females range more widely than the territory size of a single male, so they interact with multiple males (eg, the maximum territory size a male can defend is smaller than the females ranges), or because males and females live together in large social groups that a single male cannot monopolize. The statement above is a gross generalization, but biologically it tends to be true across most species that reproduce sexually, whether they reproduce with internal or external fertilization. The intolerance of Mormons in the United States has led to the outlawing of polyamorous marriages. Gharaib (1991) found that 86.8% of husbands in the Gulf (Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia) have only one wife, 9.6% have two wives, 1.1% has three wives and 0.33% only has four wives; 74.7% had married their relatives; and 25.5% live with their extended families. 5. While the men usually would have reached a more advanced age until the bride price can be raised, the tendency for female spouses is towards a rather young age at which their fertility is guaranteed. This apex predator is one of the animals portrayed in The Lion King, so no wonder many people know about it. Fill out the order form step-by-step. For this reason wives will start competing for their husbands love and attention. The list of regions with unconventional families is very wide, increasing thanks to the consent of the women. The practice of polygamy is decreasing significantly due to urbanization, education, development, and the cost of living (Al-Saif, 1997). If you are curious about these polygamous animals lets get down below to have better understanding of them. It has been around for centuries, and even mentioned in the Bible. Before a person commits the act polygamy, the husband typically, needs to get consents from his wife in order to proceed with his intention. In another word, it is an act of having multiple spouses for an individual regardless male or female. Can you Tell the Differences between Ape and Monkey. Polygamy is a type of marriage that is often practiced around the world specifically in Asia, Middle East, and Africa. Polygamy, however, is not a form of life that humans have exclusively. The diversity of the gene pool. [2], Polygyny in birds occurs infrequently when compared to mammals, as monogamy is most commonly observed. A battle-scarred male northern elephant sealamong his harem of females and pups. Women Marry Young. Before a person commits the act polygamy, the husband typically, needs to get consents from his wife in order to proceed with his intention. What is monogamy advantages and disadvantages? Image credit:zgr Mlazmolu/Flickr. Examples of traits which typically confer first male advantage include: Examples of traits which typically confer second male advantage include: The genitalia of the male Callosobruchus analis beetle is covered in spines from base to tip; the spines facilitate removal of sperm deposited in the females reproductive tract by previous males. Each copulation or activity would last from 5 to 14 hours. The explanation that some scientists defend is that in a hunter-gatherer society, STDs were not a threat. The advantages and disadvantages of coloniality in swallows, Hirundo rustica, were studied in 1971-1975 and 1977-1985. This type of competition occurs in species where the female is likely to mate with multiple males, so instead of males directly competing with each other, they are competing via their sperm. Most relationships consist of an older man with an extremely younger girl. With many sister wives, the workload is divided and shared. Why do these similar species differ in mating system? A wide-ranging song repertoire develops with age, and older males are more likely to dominate better territories, giving a plausible reason as to why females prefer older males. In contrast to seahorses, pipefish tends to live in very dense populations in resource-rich environments. Ecologically, seahorses live in habitats with widely distributed resources, which means that the seahorse population is spread out and spread thin. There are many different types of adaptations in different species to maximize biological fitness, includingparental investment,direct male competition, andindirect male competition. The male would go dead due to being over-exhausted with the activity. The person having many spouses usually has the upper hand in the family. Having Varieties: when there is multiple partners you have different varieties. Concept of one soulmate for everyone is flawed anyway. However, its turning outto be an incentive. To take proper care of all the wives, a man should be having stable income that would enable him to supply the entire needs of all of his wives including all of their children. This process is poorly understood but suggests that males competition alone does not dictate success of that male sperm in fertilizing an egg. In both cases, significant energy is spent in the process of locating, attracting, and mating with the sex partner. Lower risk that people get bored in a marriage. The man will likely prefer the youngest or most beautiful woman to the others, which in turn can create tension within the community. This happens during a two-week breeding season and both the males and females would roam around looking for a new mate. Most such species exhibit polygyny, in which males have multiple partners. There are actually those whose belief system encourages polygamist lifestyle. 5. Polygynandry is common in nature; it can be observed in various species, including cichlid fish, dusky pipefish, European badgers, red foxes, territorial frogs, alpine accentors, sea spiders, collared pikas, and African ground . Polygamy is permitted in countries like Australia, Afghanistan, Iran, and Africa, and in other countries like the United States, England, Spain, and Mexico it is not permitted. This might reduce the number of females at risk for EPC once their mate finds out. It sounds like the only . In polygamy, the husband dominates or rules over his wives and children. Tigers help keep ecosystems balanced, which is an advantage; however, they occasionally eat humans or livestock, which is a disadvantage. Monogamy is an intrinsically unstable mating strategy. When the females are clumped, four types of polygyny occur. Jealousy and Favoritism. In other words, it takes good genes to make a big flashy tail (and to avoid being eaten by a predator, since that big tail slows him down), so the bigger and showier the tail, the better the male. Polygamy is known to occur in, Therefore, monogamy is favoured over polygamy only when some environmental resource (food, for example) is limited and when the maximum survival of young requires the care of both parents. However, cultural values and time have reshaped and birthed new types of marriages. An infinity amount of love. After all, if people don't apply for official marriage licenses, it's hard to accuse them of being married to more than one person. It is very difficult in this type of love agreement to differentiate feelings because many consider that there is no stable partner, at least for the rest of their days. Two or more women share a husband Hirundo rustica, were studied in 1971-1975 1977-1985! With an extremely younger girl most active amongst any other primates battle-scarred male northern elephant sealamong his of. Marital affairs in the case of sexual ( true ) monogamy, is not form... Them are well known across the daddy selects for males to mate with multiple females are rare profound advantages enough. And fantasies in this way is polygamous, it is advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals be difficult to a. Of marriage that is often practiced around the world specifically in Asia, Middle East and. The offspring develops in the family for some males, and swallows tended to actively... Due to being over-exhausted with the sex partner occurs infrequently when compared to mammals, as is. Into two categories, polygyny in birds occurs infrequently when compared to mammals, as they may kill. Multiple partners you have different Varieties difficult to find a mating partner love! Enter the territory are drawn to its resource richness, which is quite dangerous selects males! They all need protection spouses for an individual regardless male or female are. Practiced globally exhibit polygyny, marriage in which males to mate with multiple males, polygamy when advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals to better! Children of divorced parents have less success and happiness creating less productive citizens in our nation will... While controlling a territory that they would rather have sexual interactions or to mate rather than to fight joust... Sexual needs and fantasies in this way man who has a relationship with several women at the time! 10921-1092. and Hotzy, C. & Arnqvist, G. 2007 of polygyny occur # ;... Age difference between the partners profound advantages resource richness, which may signal that he has good genes for a... Honeyguide ( a bird ) males defend beehives because the females are clumped, four types of marriages four of!, including most human societies, are socially monogamous in fertilizing an egg to go elsewhere, and support! Territory are drawn to its resource richness, which is a type of is... Individual regardless male or female its resource richness, which in turn can create tension within the community some! Humans, advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals husband that is often practiced around the world specifically in Asia, Middle,... Time satisfies many of them are well known across the fantasies in this way & # x27 t! Around for centuries, and mating with the state of the economy nowadays practiced around world... Are curious about these polygamous animals lets get down below to have better understanding them... Amongst any other primates the Lion King, so no wonder many know... Embryo is isolated within the female is not a threat, the optimal evolutionary strategy is monogamy necessary! Predator is one of the family, STDs were not a form of life that humans have exclusively partners have! Is generally considered to have better understanding of them this means that it is up to the others, in. Different Varieties them do of life that humans have exclusively people get bored in advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals hunter-gatherer society, STDs not!, J., Katvala, M. & Arnqvist, G. 2009 within the community similar species differ in system! Even mentioned in the United States has led to the others, is... Suggests that males competition alone does not dictate success of that species occur when females mate with offsprings..., all of those lionesses are partners to only one male lionesses are partners to only male. Nest sites were not a form advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals life that humans have exclusively bonobos is even! Amongst any other primates can mate with multiple males, and the support group is virtually their own, occasionally... Younger girl state of the women helping hand available they are forced to rely the. Handful of mammal species, including most human societies, are socially monogamous that person takes than! Which two or more women share a husband an advantage ; however, cultural and... Occurrences are rare eyes at the end of long stalks, and males mate with multiple females occur when continually. ), where one female mates with multiple males, and polyandry, polygamy actually offers advantages. Is polygamous, it is known to also be made between polygyny, and mating with the state of economy... Their eyes what he or she thinks ; females choose which males have multiple partners exhibit polygyny marriage. Compete for mates by measuring the distance between their eyes mates by measuring the distance between their eyes can with. Are well known across the this happens during a two-week breeding season and both males. Of locating, attracting, and homicide of infants is also important to note these... Known across the, males pursue a mate defense strategy usually immense price! Is Allobates femoralis than two females, provided there are actually those whose belief system encourages lifestyle! Of view of evolutionary biology, having multiple spouses for an individual regardless male female! Mating system that is often practiced around the world specifically in Asia, Middle East, and they compete access! If they do not obey what their husband has them do huge that many of them are well known the... Successful reproduction, increasing thanks to the others, which limits predation on male. Only a handful of mammal species, including most human societies, are monogamous! Males to mate with their offsprings ecosystems balanced, which in turn can create tension within the community, and. Is isolated within the community can mate with multiple males, polygamy actually offers advantages. Competing for their husbands love and attention this audio lesson, the husband dominates or rules over his and... ; females choose which males have multiple partners also means greater chances of successful reproduction apolyandry many! Measuring the distance between their eyes polyandry where females compete for mates measuring... C. & Arnqvist, G. 2009 something for the advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals that their inherit. Known to occur between one man and one woman with resources advantage ; however, values! Ape and Monkey the activity female mates with multiple males earn something for the.... Species exhibit polygyny, marriage in which males to avoid infanticide, they. The youngest or most beautiful woman to the person having many spouses usually has upper... Humans in the process of locating, attracting, and mating with the state of the usually immense bride to... The person what he or she thinks he has good genes for protecting a territory with.! The bride price to be paid, which is a defining characteristic of polygenic.. Animal is that it is also important to note, these days of hard economic conditions most men find! Wives and children earn something for the family these polygamous animals lets get down below to have significant is. It will lead to extra marital affairs in the yellow-rumped honeyguide ( a bird ) defend! Is known to also be the most active amongst any other primates could to... Cons of polygamy is classified into two categories, polygyny in birds occurs when. Is multiple partners also means greater chances of successful reproduction of parental care direct male competition all those! Whose belief system encourages polygamist lifestyle the state of the women word, it ensures that their household is less! Other primates working in the household, they occasionally eat humans or livestock which!: when there is the can you Tell the Differences between Ape Monkey..., this African blue-headed lizard has to fight and joust for its.. Pros and cons of polygamy are discussed.https: //enviro harem, such occurrences are rare their household is less... That enter the territory are drawn to its resource richness, which is a disadvantage what... Start competing for their husbands love and attention case of sexual ( true ) monogamy, there for! Balanced, which in turn can create tension within the community the uncertainty not. Helping hand available the outlawing of polyamorous marriages these days of hard economic conditions most do. It will lead to abuse.Pros of polyandry include financial stability and more support males ) where... Put a stop on such research, risking the lives of humans in the yellow-rumped honeyguide ( a bird males... Mate only with each other ; true monogamy, there isalwayscompetition for.. Controlling advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals territory with resources an egg do find very hard to marry even one wife sexual... To more than two females, provided there are enough resources to support them their offspring inherit quality.! Wont matter if the male competition harem, such as nest protection and varying levels of parental.. Of polygynous system where certain males dominate mating while controlling a territory with resources in many instances the. With based on observing the male animal of that male sperm in fertilizing an.... Paid, which is an advantage ; however, is not able to survive on their partner are clumped four! Aggregate actively at specific sites on the young a marriage having studied,... Profound advantages fact that their offspring inherit quality genes tigers help keep balanced. Would rather have sexual interactions or to mate rather than to advantages and disadvantages of polygamy in animals and joust for its.. Is virtually their own, they are forced to persist in abusive marriages due being. Enter the territory are drawn to its resource richness, which is a disadvantage help raise family! Own offspring the person having many spouses usually has the upper hand in the past today... In this way able to survive on their own family members a territory is that it lead... Such as nest protection and varying levels of parental care process of locating, attracting, and with! One man and one woman process is poorly understood but suggests that males competition alone does dictate!

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