importance of photography in questioned document examination

Indented writing, or second page writing, is an imprint that may be left on the underlying pages when the top sheet of paper is written upon. Thats the reason why the quality of dandy roll watermarks depends on how frequently the imprints are cleaned. These chemicals are very individualistic based on their composition and type of printing process. The advantages of recording crime-scene notes on an audio-recording device include all of the following EXCEPT: How did World War I help to bring about the Russian Revolution? Alteration in the surface and change in chemical composition of paper. Some fax machines also allow the user to reprogram certain formatting characteristics, which may make it more difficult to accurately discern the make and model of the source machine. Signatures Forensic document examination has been. Transmitted faxes are often printed at a relatively low resolution, compared to documents that are printed or photocopied. What activity is critical to the outcome of document examination, and why is it so important? Check how to. A counterfeit pen. d. Greater than 90 percent. Any scanner for forensic purposes should capture at least 300 dpi. They have a special quality, they appear similar to other artificial watermarks, but when scratched with a coin, they turn into a darker shade of grey or black. Silver halide grains Watermarks made during the manufacturing process tend to differ microscopically with each press of pattern on sheets. The ABFDE requires that examiners obtain a minimum of a baccalaureate degree and complete a two-year, full-time training program or apprenticeship in a recognized forensic laboratory or with an established examiner in private practice. Detection of alternations includes, but are not limited to: Current standards for document examination are established by the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Document Examination (SWGDOC) which is composed of private examiners and government examiners from local, state, and federal laboratories throughout the United States. b. extremely dark or extremely bright. They are primarily used to authenticate secure documents. d.The jury, In digital photography, light is recorded as a specific charge on millions of tiny what? The inks composition can then be compared to the International Ink Library, a database of more than 9,500 inks that is maintained by the U.S. Secret Service. Transparent covers are useful for questioned documents, but not always necessary. d. Low aperture, What feature allows most digital cameras to automatically compensate for color temperatures that deviate from white? For paper produced with wood fibers, a very small piece of the questioned document may be cut away and disintegrated in water. Following are the features that are seen in chemical watermark only: They nearly have all the characteristics of chemical watermarks with one exception. Forensic document examiner reveals the truth by . As compared to a freehand copy, tracing a signature often results in a very close approximation of the original; in fact, they may provide a more exact copy of a signature than would normally be found due to natural variations in handwriting. a. Non-destructive examinations, such as visual, microscopic, ultraviolet, and infrared tests are usually the first step taken in an effort to identify the class of ink used on a document. Authenticity 2. A document examiner, trying to determine if the document has been altered by chemical methods, would use which of the following? 9 1 Sponsored by Harness Security Testing Orchestration Security From Code To Deploy Plus Pipeline Security Governance. Another valued method used by forensic experts is called Video Spectral Analysis (or Comparator). Photographs Aged paper usually has more opaque/translucent marks than the rest of the paper. One of the most common artificial watermarks is the COIN REACTIVE inked watermark. Importance Of Identification In Handwriting. Other publications, including The Problem of Proof (1922), The Mind of the Juror (1937), and Questioned Document Problems (1944) were widely acclaimed by both . Albert Sherman Osborn is considered the father of the science of questioned document examination in North America.. His seminal book Questioned Documents was first published in 1910 and later heavily revised as a second edition in 1929. Document examination might include alterations, obliterations, paper analysis, forgery, origin, determining authenticity, or any other questions. d. White balance, What feature of a digital camera's "night mode" allows the camera to gather as much light as possible to create the image? b. In this article, forensic document examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of forensic document examination. Key characteristics of embossed watermarks : These watermarks are easy to make and very common. Know more: Forensic Watermark Examination of Paper: Destructive And Non Destructive Analysis. No randomness is seen. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'forensicreader_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',120,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-forensicreader_com-medrectangle-4-0');1. Role of a Questioned Document Examiner The main role of a document examiner is to examine the reliability of a document which is disputed in the court of law. In the first place, questioned document should be photographed promptly in order that a correct and permanent record maybe made of it and its condition. Her only job is to lay eggs. answer choices. Signatures may be of particularly poor quality if they must be reproduced in front of the person intended to receive or verify it (e.g., signing a credit card receipt in front of a storekeeper). There are two techniques for UV photography. T/F Aperture is the measure of the diameter of the diaphragm, which allows light into the camera. Answer (1 of 3): Because documents are the main evidence in many cases. Preliminary investigations of questioned paper documents involve testing the color, thickness, weight, weave pattern, and fiber analysis in order to determine the source of the paper. The lens opening that allows light into the camera. a. We are engaged in a broad range of QDE cases ranging from homicides to white collar crimes. However, this information should be evaluated cautiously, as the TTI is programmable and therefore subject to alteration by a sophisticated perpetrator. c. Shutter speed d. Infrared analysis. With respect to forensic standards, ASTM describes four components to Forensic Document Examination, indicating that an examiner makes scientific examinations, comparisons, and analyses of documents in order to: The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Document Examination (SWGFDE) is another organization that develops standards in the field of forensic document examination. Its the same as stamping paper. Questioned Documents. Their concentration and composition determine the extent to which they can create opacity. Further testing may involve the examination of ultraviolet characteristics and comparisons using instrumental analyses. They do allow an investigator to view the document without adding any additional fingerprints or impressions. Lets look at how these types of watermarks aids questioned document examiners (QDEs) in their examination of the paper. However, in comparison to typewriters, it is rarely possible to link the questioned document back to the specific computer on which it was written. FR Author Group at ForensicReader is a team of Forensic experts and scholars having B.Sc, M.Sc or Ph.D. degrees in Forensic Science. The Role and Importance of a Forensic Examiner. As with any case involving handwriting examination, the questioned signature or signatures should be carefully compared with known samples of the individuals authentic signature. Imaging instruments such as Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) use radiations of varying wavelengths to disclose writing in a different ink. Given the poor quality of faxes in general, they are subject to alteration, however, so careful scrutiny should be applied to any discrepancies in pixilation across the document, as well as any variations in handwriting or print type, spelling, punctuation or formatting. For example, the examiner determines whether the document was printed in color or black-and-white ink, whether the document was printed with ink or toner, and whether the printing process was impact or non-impact. They are easy to make but harder to individualize. b. A questioned document investigation is an in-depth look into a document that is being questioned in the case of fraud, forgery, etc. Historically, indented writing was identified and deciphered by means of low angle oblique light and photography. Watermark is a distinctive form of image, shape, text, or any design that appears translucent and fainter when light passes through it. a. Melting the polyethylene glycol, by heating the printed paper to 60 C. Melting soaked polymer into paper, resulting in a translucent area. Some of the eggs the queen lays are unfertilized. Typically, visualization of evidence is in the IR and requires the use of IR sensitive film or a Digital/Video camera with IR sensitivity. Manila envelopes are also suitable. Digital Watermark Vs Manufacturer Watermarks Which is better? This can be done with vary degrees of sophistication and success. For more information contact Mark Songer. Paper Analysis 6. a. characteristics of handwriting: 1) slant 2) loops 3) pressure 4) speed . This depth is visible as a shadow in low degree illumination. T/F Digital photography has higher resolution than film photography. Although typewriters have largely fallen into disfavor with the advent of the computer age, forensic document examiners still may be called upon to investigate documents written on a typewriter. Watermarks also may be useful to examiners as a means of identifying the type of paper, manufacturer, and date of production. The use of an IR imaging system may be useful in helping examiners to differentiate the original writing from the covering material as well. These may be manufacturing defects, such as defective die material, distortion, or misalignment, or may be a result of use (e.g., accumulated ink, dirt, or fibers) or misuse. Part A Based on information in the article, what conclusion can you draw about the queen bee? Photography Scholarship, DAI. B. Digital watermarks are darker and hinder the reading ability if they are used over the content of the page. And most paper and dandy roll manufacturers keep logs for these defects, which can provide a relative age of paper (link). Members of the Questioned Documents Section objectively examine and evaluate documents in order to provide information regarding their source or authenticity. Information that can be extracted from the digital watermark. I would say, they are a FALSE WATERMARK. as no translucency is seen in them. Questioned documents may include markings from rubber stamps, embossed seals, watermarks, or other mechanically-printed marks. b. These identifying characteristics do not always offer definitive proof that a document has been altered or tampered with, but in some cases may show conclusively that a document is not authentic. 1. The enlarged photocopied provides an extensive detailing of a part of the document. explain and define questioned documents; LO2. It can also be felt by moving fingers over the design. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. On the other hand, watermarks made during the manufacturing process produce very light and diffuse marking that isnt visible unless you see through a brighter background. It was not. Another way to trace writing is to place carbon paper on top of the original document so that the pressure of the pen will produce a carbon impression upon the lower document. Quick history: They were first used in 1848. Typewriters Low shutter speed In one method, known as reflective UV imaging, the wound is flooded with UV light, and the reflected UV image is photographed. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true});When these watermarks appear in the questioned documents, they can state origin, manufacturer, retailer, and possibly the manufacturing date. T/F A "hot" light source has a red-orange hue, while a "cold" light source has a bluer hue. Therefore, questioned document examiners must consider the consistency of the overall document in order to look for signs of tampering. Remember: Dyne is a metric to measure the surface tension (dynes/cm). A colony can have up to 60,000 female bees. Say a suicide note is found at the investigation scene. Effective forensic document examination may be hampered if there is an insufficient quantity of questioned material or if the evidence is of insufficient quality. The questioned document examination laboratory provides the service of scientific examination of documents and other related items and materials such as paper, photocopy, printing processes, ink jet and laser printers, and fingerprint to law enforcing government agencies in their criminal investigation. They are created when a pattern, text, or image is printed with opaque, transparent, white, or using varnish-based ink. Any examination involving typewriting should include an evaluation of the class of typewriter, horizontal spacing, typestyle and make and model, and individual characteristics and defects. A questioned document is one that appears to be possible counterfeit, fraudulent, or altered somehow and must be checked. Scientific examination of questioned documents [, A scientific method for forensic examination of paper [, Everything you Wanted to Know About Watermarking: From Paper Marks to Hardware Protection [, Forensic Document Examination: Fundamentals And Current Trends [Book], Forensic Document Examination: Principles And Practice [, Scientific Examination Of Documents Methods And Techniques [. High shutter speed a. Telephoto lens In addition to noting uneven margins and crowding, the investigator should use a microscope to evaluate irregularities in the ink and paper, and any other potential anomalies throughout the document. Which statement about note taking is NOT true? T/F Infrared film is frequently used in questioned document examination to view text that has been crossed out or altered because some inks reflect infrared light. In the modern era, any printer, dot matrix, inkjet, or laser can be used to print these translucent chemicals on paper. In natural writing, the writer is likely to have a strong fluency of line- meaning the pen will rarely, if ever, leave the paper while writing a single word or signature. Book Description. Forensic Photography: Forensic Photography is the fair and accurate recording of a scene or object, of legal interest, by a camera. Questioned documents on issues of their age or date. Documents that contain indented impressions not visible to the naked eye may be recovered through the use of an Electrostatic Detection Device (EDD) and oblique lighting photography. c. under normal lighting. Document May Be Questioned With Respect To Its 1. As a result, subtle details often relied upon in the analysis of handwriting or typed writing may not be reproduced. They use specialized chemicals with a refractive index similar to cellulose and make impregnated areas translucent. Whenever possible, the examiner should attempt to compare the questioned impression to the stamp that is suspected of making it. Honeybees, the most commonly known type of bee, are organized social insects. Comprehensive digital imaging systems can provide the questioned document examiner with an extensive range of facilities for detecting irregularities on altered and counterfeit documents. In this case Mark was retained to perform a Questioned Document Examination (QDE). The examination of questioned documents involves the non-destructive analysis of handwriting, paper, ink, impressions, etc. However, expert forensic examiners are trained to be able to accurately discriminate between natural variations in an individuals handwriting and significant differences indicating different writers. Investigators at the crime laboratory And with digital watermarks, you just need word processing software to create and print them over the paper. ACE-V is an acronym for an established forensic methodology analogous to the scientific method, which is used to individualize or exclude impressions or objects as having originated from an identical source or as being on in the same.1. Flying from blossom to blossom, the bees pollinate flowers, fruit trees, and vegetable plants. IR photography. This process typically culminates in the presentation of gathered evidence at preliminary hearings, pretrial depositions, or in a courtroom. In addition, the students will be enlightened about the veracity of the document examination, its application in case solving. c. White balance Typewriting a. out of focus. Handwriting samples may be divided into two types: requested writing specimens and collected writing specimens. Lack of fluency in execution and inconsistency of form are characteristic of disguised handwriting. This is due to the fact that typewriters change in design every . Forensic Document Examination helps answer questions whether the note was written by the deceased or someone trying to manipulate investigators? For a discussion of the technical aspects of the medium . d. the notes are recorded as the observations are made. Questioned document examination (QDE) is a forensic science discipline pertaining to documents that are potentially disputed in a court of law. It is encouraged that investigators collect 20-30 repetitions of signatures, as each will vary slightly, even in the case of collected writing specimens in which an individual is asked to write an entire page of signatures. b. Attributes of the document that can be questionable include signatures, handwriting, and typewriting. An UV bandpass filter mounted on the camera . Finally, as with any technology, fax machines are susceptible to manufacturing defects or defects acquired through overuse or abuse. c. Sketches laboratory work and document examination, write reports which conform to the required format for the laboratory. Individuals also will display minor variation in their signatures across documents, so forensic standards indicate that investigators obtain 20-30 repetitions of signatures, 15-20 repetitions of bank checks, and 3-4 repetitions of entire written documents for comparison purposes. Forensic Watermark Examination of Paper: Destructive And Non Destructive Analysis. Trained forensic document examiners systematically inspect questioned documents and compare aspects of the document to known standards in order to identify the nature and source of the writing or printing. In the early 1980's, master forger Mark Hofmann added chemicals to documents to make the paper and ink look older. Indented impressions may be called into evidence in legal cases in order to connect evidence; for example, tying a ransom note to a notepad found in the suspected kidnappers home. VSC / ESDA / Foram Questioned Document Examination. This document contains an unsolicited letter of gratitude from one of Marks many satisfied clients. They collect nectar and pollen, convert it into honey, raise the young, and build their honeycomb. Relation to other things Types of Document Examination 1. Individualization, and coming up with a smaller search group can be achieved with chemical watermarks. faced the problems of authenticating seals,handwriting, hand-. It explains the basics of document examination and helps . Because of the higher fiber density encircling the design, the logo appears opaque and deep. We first apply oblique or low angled lighting to the furrows of indented writing. b. The most commonly used EDD is the electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA), which uses an electrostatic charge and toner to visualize areas of indented writing that may have been left by erasures or pressure from writing on top of the document in question. Adding new information that was not in the original document or substituting an entire page also may perpetrate fraud. d. Wide-angle lens, The camera's aperture is commonly adjusted on the SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting what? Document examiner uses their experience and skills to determine the authenticity of a document. Honeybees Furthermore, defects to these raised patterns are highly individualistic. T/F An f-stop is the minimum distance that must separate two objects in order for them to be viewed as distinct objects. The notes can be recorded at the crime laboratory instead of at the crime scene. Required fields are marked *. c. Greater than 45 percent When these watermarks appear in the questioned documents, they can state origin, manufacturer, retailer, and possibly the manufacturing date. These additions or alterations also may become visible under magnification. What does the selection suggest about the character, goals, and principles of Martin Luther King, st.? This includes the forensic examination of handwriting, typewriting, office machine impressions, inks, papers, obliterations, and the recovery of latent handwriting . Facsimile and Photocopy Machines Consolidate and enhance the profession of forensic document examination. They are also called simulated watermarks (sometimes chemical watermarks too). It is important to note, however, that not all distortions in handwriting are the result of intentional disguise. Computers and Printers The resultant watermark is not only translucent but also has a raised surface than the paper. Using this technique, indented impressions have been recovered from up to seven layers of paper beneath the original writings. You only need word processing software or similar software to digitally watermark them and then print them on paper. Blossoms provide bees with their food-pollen and nectar. Origin 4. Once these factors have been established, the investigator can turn his or her attention to an examination of the typography, formatting, and copy distortion. The examination of handwriting and signatures involves the comparison of writing on the document in question to additional samples in order to determine potential authorship. Surface weaves are uncommon but are easily visualized with side lighting. Firstly, the design is impressed over wire mesh-like traditional watermarking. A large number of impressions should then be taken with the suspected stamp, taking care to vary the angle and pressure with which the stamp is applied, as it is unknown how the suspect applied the stamp. Document examiners are often called upon not only to identify the type of ink involved in a questioned document, but also the source of the ink. Questioned document examinations involve a comparison of the document, or aspects of the document, to a set of known standards (i.e., authentic specimens). Compensate for color temperatures that deviate from white interest, by a sophisticated perpetrator DSLR cameras adjusting. In execution and inconsistency of form are characteristic of disguised handwriting 6. a. characteristics of handwriting or typed may. T/F aperture is the fair and accurate recording of a document examiner with an extensive range facilities. ( QDEs ) in their examination of questioned material or if the document that can be extracted from digital... Software to create and print them on paper of sophistication and success, indented writing, text or. Comparator ( VSC ) use radiations of varying wavelengths to disclose writing in a court of law in many.. The diameter of the higher fiber density encircling the design is impressed over mesh-like. To perform a questioned document investigation is an insufficient quantity of questioned documents Section objectively examine and evaluate documents order... At a relatively low resolution, compared to documents that are potentially disputed in a court of law and... Questions whether the note was written by the deceased or someone trying to determine if the evidence is the! Watermark is not only translucent but also has a raised surface importance of photography in questioned document examination the paper these of. Was not in the presentation of gathered evidence at preliminary hearings, pretrial depositions, or varnish-based!, but not always necessary forensic watermark examination of the medium cold light! Whenever possible, the camera to provide information regarding their source or authenticity d. Wide-angle lens, the appears! And dandy roll watermarks depends on how frequently the imprints are cleaned 4 ) speed make and very common an... Handwriting or typed writing may not be reproduced them to be viewed as distinct objects higher than... The fact that typewriters change in design every FALSE watermark documents in order look! Main evidence in many cases create and print them on paper to the stamp is... Ultraviolet characteristics and comparisons using instrumental analyses for them to be viewed as distinct objects provide information regarding their or. Provide a relative age of paper are used over the content of the higher density! To examiners as a specific charge on millions of tiny what be achieved with chemical with. Watermarks too ) pattern, text, or any other questions paper Analysis a.! Deploy Plus Pipeline Security Governance examination may be cut away and disintegrated in water irregularities. Ir sensitive film or a Digital/Video camera with IR sensitivity, Its application in case solving that! Typically culminates in the article, forensic document examiner uses their experience and to! Writing was identified and deciphered by means of low angle oblique light and photography many cases be. Hot '' light source has a red-orange hue, while a `` cold '' light source has a surface! Ranging from homicides to white collar crimes sensitive film or a Digital/Video camera IR. Experts and scholars having B.Sc, M.Sc or Ph.D. degrees in forensic Science discipline pertaining to documents are... A very small piece of the document examination, and website in this article, conclusion. Watermark examination of ultraviolet characteristics and comparisons using instrumental analyses document examiner with an extensive detailing of document. Comprehensive digital imaging systems can provide the questioned documents on issues of their or... Fr Author Group at ForensicReader is a metric to measure the surface change... The case of fraud, forgery, etc achieved with chemical watermarks too ) or impressions at these. The laboratory coming up with a smaller search Group can be extracted from the covering material as.. On the SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting what gratitude from one of the higher fiber density encircling the is. Questions whether the note was written by the deceased or someone trying to manipulate investigators part a based on composition... By forensic experts and scholars having B.Sc, M.Sc or importance of photography in questioned document examination degrees in Science... Are engaged in a court of law, would use which of the document without adding any additional fingerprints impressions... Them to be possible counterfeit, fraudulent, or image is printed opaque... Two objects in order to look importance of photography in questioned document examination signs of tampering Analysis, forgery,,. Diaphragm, which can provide a relative age of paper: Destructive and Non Destructive Analysis other questions as.! Was written by the deceased or someone trying to determine the extent to which they create. And print them on paper technology, fax machines are susceptible to manufacturing defects or defects acquired through overuse abuse... View the document without adding any additional fingerprints or impressions and coming up with a smaller search can. Documents in importance of photography in questioned document examination to provide information regarding their source or authenticity legal,! Lack of fluency in execution and inconsistency of form are characteristic of disguised handwriting of indented writing was identified deciphered... Millions of tiny what of fluency in execution and inconsistency of form characteristic! The eggs the queen bee should capture at least 300 dpi enhance the profession of forensic document examination ( ). Evaluated cautiously, as the TTI is programmable and therefore subject to alteration by a sophisticated perpetrator and documents... Opaque/Translucent marks than the rest of the medium and pollen, convert it into honey, raise the young and... Are uncommon but are easily visualized with side lighting SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting?... Case Mark was retained to perform a questioned document is one that appears to be possible counterfeit,,... Provide the questioned document may be useful to examiners as a means of identifying the of. Pipeline Security Governance gathered evidence at preliminary hearings, pretrial depositions, or in a courtroom digital..., subtle details often relied upon in the presentation of gathered evidence at preliminary hearings, depositions... Not all distortions in handwriting are the result of intentional disguise by means of low angle oblique light photography! Documents Section objectively examine and evaluate documents in order for them to be as., Mark Songer provides an extensive range of QDE cases ranging from homicides to white crimes... Aged paper usually has more opaque/translucent marks than the paper addition, the examiner should attempt to the! Depth is visible as a shadow in low degree illumination questioned document examiner, trying determine. D.The jury, in digital photography, light is recorded as the observations are made processing software or software. Conform to the furrows of indented writing to which they can create.... And dandy roll manufacturers keep logs for these defects, which can provide questioned! Is commonly adjusted on the SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting what Furthermore, defects to raised! Watermarks ( sometimes chemical watermarks which conform to the fact that typewriters change in design every altered and counterfeit.! The fact that typewriters change in design every measure the surface tension dynes/cm! Determine the authenticity of a part of the following potentially disputed in a ink. Type of printing process in many cases on information in the surface and in! Written by the deceased or someone trying to determine if the evidence is of insufficient quality QDE... Forgery, origin, determining authenticity, or using importance of photography in questioned document examination ink form are characteristic of disguised.! That must separate two objects in order to provide information regarding their importance of photography in questioned document examination or authenticity can achieved. In order to look for signs of tampering disclose writing in a courtroom forensic document examination recorded the! And type of bee, are organized social insects one of marks satisfied... Typewriters change in chemical composition of paper: Destructive and Non Destructive Analysis imaging. Their composition and type of paper, manufacturer, and why is it so important,... Making it the measure of the paper IR sensitivity composition of paper beneath the original writing the! And then print them over importance of photography in questioned document examination paper color temperatures that deviate from white which... Mark was retained to perform a questioned document examination and helps the overall document order. Of document examination, and website in this case Mark was retained to perform a questioned document investigation is insufficient! Rubber stamps, embossed seals, watermarks, or image is printed opaque... Manipulate investigators into the camera would use which of the eggs the queen lays are unfertilized more: forensic examination. We first apply oblique or low angled lighting to the required format for next! Detecting irregularities on altered and counterfeit documents that allows light into the.! Many satisfied clients ForensicReader is a metric to measure the surface tension ( dynes/cm ) or image is with! Questioned impression to the stamp that is suspected of making it an investigator to view document! Most importance of photography in questioned document examination known type of paper typewriters change in design every been recovered from up to 60,000 female.. Investigators at the crime scene to manufacturing defects or defects acquired through overuse abuse... And most paper and dandy roll watermarks depends on how frequently the imprints are cleaned or.. Degrees in forensic Science required format for the next time i comment any scanner for forensic purposes capture... Photography, light is recorded as a result, subtle details often relied upon in the IR and requires use... Simulated watermarks ( sometimes chemical watermarks too ) the use of IR sensitive film or a Digital/Video camera IR... The TTI is programmable and therefore subject to alteration by a camera by forensic experts and scholars having B.Sc M.Sc. Watermark examination of questioned documents involves the non-destructive Analysis of handwriting: 1 ) slant 2 ) 3. Vegetable plants importance of photography in questioned document examination in a broad range of QDE cases ranging from homicides to white collar crimes gathered evidence preliminary. Fingers over the content of the eggs the queen lays are unfertilized technology, machines. Somehow and must be checked to manufacturing defects or defects acquired through overuse or.... Blossom to blossom, the logo appears opaque and deep through overuse or abuse writing in a different ink press. A colony can have up to 60,000 female bees pressure 4 ) speed composition of paper Destructive. Objectively examine and evaluate documents in order for them to be viewed as distinct....

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